8.Raphael Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland (1577) quoted in Bernard Grébanier, The Truth About Shylock (New York: Random House, 1962), 21–22.
9.Holinshed, Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, vol. 2 (London: J. Johnson, 1807), 204–06.
10.William Chester Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade: A Study in Rulership (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), 98.
11.William of Newburgh, Historia Rerum Anglicarum, Book 4, chapters 9 and 10 in Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard I, ed. Richard Howlett (London: Longman, 1885); Holinshed, Chronicles, vol. 2, 210–11; Dobson, The Jewish Communities, 12; Shatzmiller, Cultural Exchange, 41; Robert R. Mundill, The King’s Jews: Money, Massacre, and Exodus in Medieval England (London and New York: Continuum, 2010), 80; William of Newburgh, History, chap. 9.
12.Mundill, The King’s Jews, 81; Nirenberg, Communities of Violence, 222–23; Chazan, The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom, 159; Borer, The City of London, 84; Mundill, “Christian and Jewish Lending Patterns,” 45.
13.Mundill, The King’s Jews, 80–81.
14.The quote is by The Anonymous of Béthune; Robert C. Stacey, “Jews and Christians in 12th Century England: Some Dynamics of a Changing Relationship,” in Jews and Christians in Twelfth-Century Europe, eds. Michael A. Signer and John Van Engen (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2001); Mundill, The King’s Jews, 81; Jones, The Plantagenets, “Hunt for an Heir”; Seabourne, Royal Regulation of Loans and Sales, 31.
15.Jones, The Plantagenets, “Salvaging the wreck” and “A Cruel Master”; R.B. Dobson, “The Decline and Expulsion of the Medieval Jews of York,” Transactions and Miscellanies (Jewish Historical Society of England) 26 (1974–78): 25, 35, and The Jewish Communities of Medieval England, 24; Robin R. Mundill, “Lumbard and Son: The Businesses and Debtors of Two Jewish Moneylenders in Late Thirteenth-Century England,” Jewish Quarterly Review 82.1/2 (July-Oct. 1991): 141; The Chronicles of Melrose.
16.Jones, The Plantagenets, “Kingship At Last.”
17.Joe and Caroline Hillaby, eds., The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 239–40, 408; John Paul Davis, The Gothic King: A Biography of Henry III (London and Chicago: Peter Owen, 2013), Kindle ed.; John Stow, A Survey of London, Written in the Year 1598, Project Gutenberg Ebook (2013), http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42959/42959-h/42959-h.htm; Postan, Cambridge Economic History of Europe, 552.
18.Hillaby, The Palgrave Dictionary, 240; Calendar of Close Roles: Edward I, April 25, 1275, 162; R.H. Britnell, “England and Northern Italy in the Early Fourteenth Century: The Economic Contrasts,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 39 (1989):169; Emilie Amt, The Succession of Henry II in England: Royal Government Restored 1149–1159 (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 1993), 92; Borer, The City of London, 84, 97–98; Jones, The Plantagenets, “Edward At Sea.”
19.For the life of Licoricia, see, Suzanne Bartlet, Licoricia of Winchester: Marriage, Motherhood, and Murder in the Medieval Anglo-Jewish Community (Portland, OR and Edgware, UK: Vallentine Mitchell, 2009).
20.Evergates, Feudal Society in Medieval France, 26, 84–85.
21.Jordan, Louis IX, 101
22.Shatzmiller, Cultural Exchange, 80–81, 91; Gilbert S. Rosenthal introduction to Yehiel Nissam da Pisa, Banking and Finance Among Jews in Renaissance Italy: A Critical Edition of The Eternal Life (Haye Olam) (New York: Bloch Pub., 1962), 13; Robert Chazan, ed., Church, State, and Jew in the Middle Ages (West Orange NJ: Behrman House, 1980); John H. Munro, “The Medieval Origins of the ‘Financial Revolution’: Usury, Rentes, and Negotiability,” The International History Review 3.25 (2003): 507, 518, 521; Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades: Vol. 1: The First Crusade and the Foundations of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (Cambridge: CUP, 1951), 134–35; Geisst, Beggar Thy Neighbor, chap. 1; Matthew Paris, English History from the Year 1235 to 1273, v.1, 2; Sibon, “Peut-on croire en la parole du juif?,” 242; Weiner J. Cahnman, “Socio-Economic Causes of Antisemitism,” Social Problems 5.1 (1957): 24; Fourth Lateran Council (1215), Canon 67, http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/344latj.html; Hunt and Murray, A History of Business in Medieval Europe, 72; Hawkes, The Culture of Usury, 65.
23.Golb, The Jews of Medieval Normandy, 421, 422–23, 426, 429; Layettes du Trésor des Chartes v. III, 3782 and 3783, Archives Nationales (Paris: Henri Plon, 1902); Thomas N. Bisson, Medieval France and Her Pyrenean Neighbours: Studies in Early Institutional History (London: Hambledon Press, 1989), 51; Jeffrey Richards, Sex, Dissidence and Damnation: Minority Groups in the Middle Ages (London and New York: Routledge, 1991), 113; John H. Mundy, Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150–1300 (New York: Longman, 2000), 100; L. Auvray, Les registres de Grégoire XI, v.1 (Paris: E. De Boccard, 1955), col. 691.
24.Reinert and Fredona, “Merchants,” 5; John H. Pryor, Business Contracts of Medieval Provence: Selected Notulae from the Cartulary of Giraud Amalric of Marseilles, 1248 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1981), 60, 63, 75, 77; Roover, Money, Banking, and Credit in Mediaeval Bruges, 12.
25.Pryor, Business Contracts of Medieval Provence, 83, 86, 89; Julie L. Mell, “Religion and Economy in Pre-Modern Europe: The Medieval Commercial Revolution and the Jews” (PhD diss., University of North Caroline, Chapel Hill, 2007), 191–92.
26.Mell, “Religion and Economy,” 228–29; Pryor, Business Contracts of Medieval Provence, 83, 86, 89.
27.Ibid, 115–16; Mell, “Religion and Economy,” 192, 212.
28.Mell, “Religion and Economy,” 220.
29.Ibid., 200, 206–08 and Mell, The Myth of the Medieval Jewish Moneylender, vol. 2, 230–32; Reinert and Fredona, “Merchants,”