The older idea and its origin.
Fierce discussions have raged over these opinions, and numerous works have been written to uphold the theories. The first of them remained popular for a very long time. It originated from the etymology of the word grammar (Greek gramma, writing, a letter), and from an effort to build up a treatise on English grammar by using classical grammar as a model.
Perhaps a combination of (1) and (3) has been still more popular, though there has been vastly more classification than there are
forms.
The opposite view.
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During recent years, (2) and (4) have been gaining ground, but they have had hard work to displace the older and more popular theories. It is insisted by many that the student's time should be used in studying general literature, and thus learning the fluent and correct use of his mother tongue. It is also insisted that the study and discussion of forms and inflections is an inexcusable imitation of classical treatises.
The difficulty.
Which view shall the student of English accept? Before this is answered, we should decide whether some one of the above theories
must be taken as the right one, and the rest disregarded.
The real reason for the diversity of views is a confusion of two distinct things,--what the definition of grammar should be, and
what the purpose of grammar should be.
The material of grammar.
The province of English grammar is, rightly considered, wider than is indicated by any one of the above definitions; and the student ought to have a clear idea of the ground to be covered.
Few inflections.
It must be admitted that the language has very few inflections at present, as compared with Latin or Greek; so that a small grammar
will hold them all.
Making rules is risky.
It is also evident, to those who have studied the language historically, that it is very hazardous to make rules in grammar: what is at present regarded as correct may not be so twenty years from now, even if our rules are founded on the keenest scrutiny of the "standard" writers of our time. Usage is varied as our way of thinking changes. In Chaucer's time two or three negatives were used to strengthen a negation; as, "Ther nas no man nowher so vertuous" (There never was no man nowhere so virtuous). And Shakespeare used good English when he said more elder ("Merchant of Venice") and most unkindest ("Julius Caesar"); but this is bad English
now.
If, however, we have tabulated the inflections of the language, and stated what syntax is the most used in certain troublesome places,
there is still much for the grammarian to do.
A broader view.
Surely our noble language, with its enormous vocabulary, its peculiar and abundant idioms, its numerous periphrastic forms to express every possible shade of meaning, is worthy of serious study, apart from the mere memorizing of inflections and formulation of rules.
Mental training. An aesthetic benefit.
Grammar is eminently a means of mental training; and while it will train the student in subtle and acute reasoning, it will at the same time, if rightly presented, lay the foundation of a keen observation and a correct literary taste. The continued contact with the highest thoughts of the best minds will create a thirst for the "well of English undefiled."
What grammar is.
Coming back, then, from the question, What ground should grammar cover? we come to answer the question, What should gram-
mar teach? and we give as an answer the definition,--
English grammar is the science which treats of the nature of words, their forms, and their uses and relations in the sentence.
The work it will cover.
This will take in the usual divisions, "The Parts of Speech" (with their inflections), "Analysis," and "Syntax." It will also require a discussion of any points that will clear up difficulties, assist the classification of kindred expressions, or draw the attention of the student to everyday idioms and phrases, and thus incite his observation.
Authority as a basis.
A few words here as to the authority upon which grammar rests.
Literary English.
The statements given will be substantiated by quotations from the leading or "standard" literature of modern times; that is, from the
eighteenth century on. This literary English is considered the foundation on which grammar must rest.
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Spoken English.
Here and there also will be quoted words and phrases from spoken or colloquial English, by which is meant the free, unstudied expressions of ordinary conversation and communication among intelligent people.
These quotations will often throw light on obscure constructions, since they preserve turns of expressions that have long since perished from the literary or standard English.
Vulgar English.
Occasionally, too, reference will be made to vulgar English,--the speech of the uneducated and ignorant,--which will serve to il-
lustrate points of syntax once correct, or standard, but now undoubtedly bad grammar. The following pages will cover, then, three divisions:--
Part I. The Parts of Speech, and Inflections.
Part II. Analysis of Sentences.
Part III. The Uses of Words, or Syntax.
PART I.
THE PARTS OF SPEECH. NOUNS.
1. In the more simple state of the Arabs, the nation is free, because each of her sons disdains a base submission to the will of a
master.--Gibbon.
Name words
By examining this sentence we notice several words used as names. The plainest name is Arabs, which belongs to a people; but, besides this one, the words sons and master name objects, and may belong to any of those objects. The words state, submission, and will are evidently names of a different kind, as they stand for ideas, not objects; and the word nation stands for a whole group.
When the meaning of each of these words has once been understood, the word naming it will always call up the thing or idea itself. Such words are called nouns.
Definition.
2. A noun is a name word, representing directly to the mind an object, substance, or idea.
Classes of nouns.
3. Nouns are classified as follows:--
(1) Proper.
(2) Common. (a) CLASS NAMES: i. Individual. ii. Collective.
(b) MATERIAL.
(3) Abstract. (a) ATTRIBUTE. (b) VERBAL
Names for special objects.
4. A proper noun is a name applied to a particular object, whether person, place, or thing.
It specializes or limits the thing to which it is applied, reducing it to a narrow application. Thus, city is a word applied to any one of
its kind; but Chicago names one city, and fixes the attention upon that particular city. King may be applied to any ruler of a kingdom,
but Alfred the Great is the name of one king only.
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The word proper is from a Latin word meaning limited, belonging to one. This does not imply, however, that a proper name can
be applied to only one object, but that each time such a name is applied it is fixed or proper to that object. Even if there are several
Bostons or Manchesters, the name of each is an individual or proper name.