Reproducing Class. Henry Rutz

and fashion, marketing and advertising, and textiles.

      New five-star international hotels catering to businessmen, conventioneers, and groups of tourists appeared in the new financial center but also in other parts of the city. Istanbul had no modern international hotel until 1955 when the Hilton was built on Cumhuriyet Boulevard near Taksim square, a center for foreign travelers and international tourism since the mid-nineteenth century. The following year the exclusive Divan Hotel was built a few blocks away. Two decades would pass before the Sheraton and Marmara hotels were added to the rising skyline around Taksim. In contrast, the decade after 1982 saw the construction of a large number of international hotels, several of which were located near corporate headquarters in the financial district.

       The Globalizing Cityscape 3: Privatization of Media and Communications

      The political economy and culture of media and communications was revolutionized during the liberalization episode. From three state television stations with content provided by state-funded programming before 1983, this whole industry became privatized by the early 1990s.