Table 3.6a
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Virchow (1863)
1. Angioma simplexTelangiectasia (can change to cavernoma)
2. Cavernous angioma
3. Racemous angioma
a. Arterial (aneurysma anastomoseon)
b. Venous angioma
c. Arteriovenous aneurysm
4. Lymphangioma
Dandy (1928)
1. Angioma
a. Cyst with angioma in the wall (actually angioblastoma)
b. Cavernous angioma
c. Plexiform angioma (nowadays a form of AVM)
2. Arteriovenous aneurysm (nowadays a form of AVM)
3. Venous abnormalities (nowadays also AVM)
Cushing – Bailey (1928)
1. Hemangioblastoma (true neoplasm)
a. Cystic
b. Solid
α capillary
β cellular
γ cavernous (nowadays = cavernous angioma)
2. Angiomatous malformation
a. Telangiectasias
b. Venous angiomas
c. Arterial or arteriovenous angiomas (AVM)
Bergstrand – Olivecrona – Tönnis (1936)
1. Angioma cavernosum
2. Angioma racemosum
a. Telangiectasias
b. Angioma capillare et venosum calcificans (Sturge-Weber disease)
c. Angioma racemosum arteriale
d. Angioma racemosum venosum
e. Aneurysma arteriovenosum
3. Angioblastoma, angioreticuloma or Lindau tumors
4. Angioglioma (!)
Turner – Kernohan (1941) (spinal cord)
1. Vascular malformations
a. Telangiectasia
b. Angioma or hamartoma
α angioma venosum
β angioma arteriovenosum or
γ angioma arteriale
2. Vascular neoplasms
a. Capillary
α capillary hemangioma
β hemangioendothelioma
γ capillary hemangioblastoma
b. Cavernous
α cavernous hemangioma
β cavernous hemangioblastoma
c. Hemangiosarcoma
Wyburn-Mason – Holmes (1943) (spinal)
1. True tumors
a. Hemangioblastoma
α angioreticuloma
β extradural hemangioblastoma
2. Malformations
a. Telangiectasia
b. Venous malformation
α secondary venous anomalies
β venous angioma
c. Arteriovenous angioma
d. Arterial anomalies
Manuelidis (1950)
1. Telangiectasia
a. Primary
b. Secondary
2. Cavernous hemangioma
3. Venous hemangioma
4. Arteriovenous hemangioma
Zülch (1951)
1. Angioreticuloma
2. Malformation
a. Cavernous angioma
b. Racemous capillary angioma (telangiectasia)
c. Capillar et venous angioma (Sturge-Weber)
d. Venous angioma
e. Arteriovenous aneurysmatic angioma
Asenjo (1953)
I. Congenital lesions
A. Expansive malformation
a. Arteriovenous aneurysm
b. Arterial racemous aneurysm
c. Venous racemous aneurysm
B. Angiosis
d. Congenital arterial aneurysm
e. Meningeal varix
f. Sinus pericranii
II. Acquired lesions
A. Aneurysms
a. Arteriosclerotic
b. Mycotic
c. Syphilitic
B. Carotid-cavernous fistula
C. Traumatic aneurysms
III. Tumors
A. Hemangioblastoma
a. Benign
b. Malignant
B. von Hippel-Lindau disease
C. Angiomatous meningioma
Pluvinage (1954)
I. Angioreticuloma
II. Angioma
1. a. Cavernous angiomab. Telangiectasia
2. Sturge-Weber
3. Venous angioma
a. Cerebral varix
b. Racemous venous angioma
c. Peleton de veines (!)
4. Arterial angioma
a. Racemous arterial angioma
b. Arteriovenous aneurysm
Olivecrona – Ladenheim (1957)
Etiology
1. Acquired
2. Congenital
a. Anomalous arteriovenous
b. Angiomatous arteriovenous
Pathology
1. Cavernous
2. Racemous
a. Telangiectasia
b. Sturge-Weber
c. Venous racemous
d. Arterial racemous
e. Angiomatous arteriovenous
Russel – Rubinstein (1963)
1. Hemangioblastoma
2. Vascular malformation
a. Capillary telangiectasia
b. Cavernous angiomas
c. Venous and arteriovenous malformation
McCormick (1985) (in Fein and Flamm)
I. Angioblastoma
II. Angiomas
1. Venous angiomas 112 cases
2. Capillary angiomas (telangiectasias) 41 cases
3. AVM 11 cases
4. Cavernous angiomas 5 cases
5. Transitional 4 cases
Classification of Plastic Surgeons Kaplan (1983)
A. Stage 1 (undifferentiated capillary network)
1. Capillary hemangioma
2. Cavernous hemangioma
B. Stage 2 (retiform plexus)
1. Diffuse microfistula
2. Localized macrofistula
C. Stage 3 (mature vascular malformation)
1. Venous hemangioma
2. Venous hypoplasia (Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome)
3. Hemangiolymphangioma (vascular hamartoma)
Spira (1983)
A. Benign hemangiomas
1. Typical
a. Capillary hemangioma
b. Cavernous hemangioma
c. Mixed-combined hemangioma
d. Port-wine stain – nevus flammeus
e. Angioma racemosum
f. Angiokeratoma (Mibelli)
2. Atypical
a. Sclerosing hemangioma
b. Pyogenic granuloma
c. Spider telangiectasia (nevus araneus)
d. Glomus tumor
e. Hemangiopericytoma
f. Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
g. Venous lakes
B. Syndromes – diseases
1. Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome
2. Sturge-Weber-Dimitri syndrome
3. von Hippel-Lindau disease
4. Maffucci syndrome
5. Blue Rubber Bleb syndrome
6. Kasabach-Merritt syndrome
7. Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome
C. Malignant hemangiomas
1. Angiosarcoma
2. Kaposi sarcoma
3. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
Classification of Neuroradiologists Merland et al. (1983)
1. Pure arterial dysplasia (2 cases)
2. A-V dysplasia (macroscopic shunt)
a. Simple direct A-V fistulavertebro-vertebral, vertebro-jugularcarotido-cavernous, carotido-jugular
b. A-V malformation (60 cases)
3. Capillary and capillary-venous malformation (26 cases)
a. Pure capillary (Rendu-Osler)
b. Capillary-venous malformation
4. Venous and cavernous ectasias (100 + 4 cases)
5. Additional types
a. Unmature angioma of the newborn
b. Portwine stain angioma
c. Unusual angiomas
Hemodynamic Classification
1. Active (large blood flow, direct A-V fistula) high flow
2. Inactive vascular
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