27.9 References
27.9.1 Online references
Allogeneic grafts and bone substitutes —J.A. Auer & G.E. Fackelman
28.1 Description
28.2 Surgical procedure
28.3 Complications
28.4 Results
28.5 Bone substitutes
28.5.1 Hydroxyapatite (HA)
28.5.2 Tricalcium phosphate (TCP)
28.5.3 Inorganic bovine bone
28.6 General considerations
28.7 Complications
28.7.1 Granules
28.7.2 Blocks
28.8 References
28.8.1 Online references
Fracture documentation —G.E. Fackelman, J.A. Auer & J.C. Norris
29.1 AO EqFx 4.0 user guide
29.1.1 Installation
29.1.2 Starting the application
29.1.3 Setting preferences
29.1.4 EqFx “pages”
29.1.5 Navigating among EqFx pages
29.1.6 Page 2: The fracture classification page
29.1.7 Follow-up records
29.1.8 Adding and deleting cases
29.1.9 Navigating among cases
29.1.10 Organizing EqFx cases
29.1.11 Reporting EqFx data
29.1.12 Exporting and importing EqFx cases
29.2 Appendix A: Keyboard shortcuts
29.3 Appendix B: Exercise induced fracture codes
29.4 Appendix C: Long bone fracture codes
29.5 Online references
To access additional material or resources available with this e-book, please visit http://www.thieme.com/bonuscontent. After completing a short form to verify your e-book purchase, you will be provided with the instructions and access codes necessary to retrieve any bonus content.
Howard Rosen
PEOS = Principles of Equine OsteoSynthesis
EBEQOS = Electronic Book of Equine OsteoSynthesis
It is indeed a pleasure and an honor to be asked again to write the Foreword to the book, The Principles of Equine Osteosynthesis (PEOS). The authors are to be congratulated on their exciting innovations in this piece. With your forbearance, I have repeated portions of the foreword of its predecessor, the Electronic Manual of Equine Osteosynthesis (EBEQOS) for historical background and have added a summary of the newer techniques, principles, and ideas included in this new work.
AO = Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/ Association for the Study of Internal Fixation was founded in 1958
Before the Swiss Association for the Study of Internal Fixation, AO, was established in 1958, the treatment of animal fractures, and indeed human fractures, was mostly by closed reduction, splint, and cast immobilization. Less than adequate simple internal and external fixation appliances were used when the occasional open reduction was performed, and usually required casting as well. Thus disability followed fracture treatment in a high percentage of cases, as functional after treatment was prevented by the long periods of cast immobilization. This resulted in stiffness, swelling, disuse atrophy, and, frequently, deformity.
With the advent of the AO principles of open reduction—anatomic reduction, rigid (stable) internal fixation, careful soft tissue handling, and early functional mobilization with protected weight bearing as tolerated—invalidity after fracture treatment decreased tremendously. This, of course, was accompanied by better instruments and appliances, better metallurgy, aseptic techniques and antibiotics to decrease infection, and better diagnostic modalities. The principles and techniques for successful internal and external fixation of fractures, non-unions, osteotomies, and fusions were annotated in the first editions of the human, canine, and equine AO manuals. These were based on an extensive documentation of thousands of successful results using these techniques, as well as careful analysis of problems and poorer results. As a result of the need for documentation, an extensive classification system of the vast numbers of fracture patterns was created in both humans and animals.
At the AO Research Institute in Davos and in other research centers, through animal experimentation and fundamental cellular and bio-mechanical research, as well as human and animal clinical trials, the AO concepts have been continually tested and refined. The basis for these concepts have thus been scientifically established, and newer methods and ideas have constantly evolved.
These trends and advances in recent years in human osteosynthesis, and in animals applicable as well, have been:
1 More extensive preoperative planning utilizing better diagnostic radiographic, CT, and MRI imaging and bone scans of the injured and normal side.
2 More emphasis on biology and less on mechanics to attain more rapid fracture healing, e.g., opening a diaphyseal fracture for its reduction utilizing smaller incisions and less invasive and traumatic indirect reduction techniques (as if closed treatment of these fractures were being utilized).
3 Less hardware to achieve stable fixation, e.g., fewer screws in plates, and transcutaneously inserted cannulated lag screws for both diaphyseal and metaphyseal articular fractures, as well as the use of arthroscopy to monitor accurate joint reduction.
4 Better appliances that cause less avascularity, e.g., limited contact dynamic compression plates (LC-DCP); PC-Fix plates; closed IM nails with locking screws (both unreamed and reamed); dynamic hip screws (DHS), dynamic compression screws (DCS), and other special plates for metaphyseal-diaphyseal fractures where accurate reduction and stable fixation are essential.
5 Temporary external fixation of the adjacent diaphyseal