119 Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage Books), 1979, p. 2.
120 Said, Orientalism, p. 232.
121 Said, Orientalism, p. 5.
122 Hall, “The Work of Representation,” p. 17.
123 Hall, “The Work of Representation,” pp. 25–26.
124 Hall, “The Work of Representation,” p. 24.
125 Hall, “The Work of Representation,” pp. 5–6, Stephen Greenblatt emphasises additionally that representations affect the discourse that brought them forth and stresses that they “are not only products but producers.” Greenblatt, Marvellous Possessions, p. 6.
126 Said, Orientalism, p. 41.
127 Said, Orientalism, p. 20.
128 Trevor J. Barnes and James S. Duncan, “Introduction: Writing Worlds,” in: Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text and Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape, eds. Trevor J. Barnes and James S. Duncan (London & New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 3.
129 Peter Stadius, “Reseberättelsen som kulturhistoriskt forskningsobjekt,” Historisk Tidsskrift för Finland, Vol. 87, No. 3 (2002), p. 312.
130 Sherill E. Grace. Canada and the Idea of North (Montreal, Kingston, London & Ithaca: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2001), p. 24.
131 Slemon, “Monuments of Empire,” pp. 5, 9. Peter Hulme also discusses tropes in a similar vein in the context of recurring anxiety which is triggered by the inconsistencies of colonial discourse. It is colonial tropes that this discourse falls back on to cope with this anxiety. Hulme, “Polytropic Man,” p. 25.
132 Marta Dvořák and W. H. New, “Introduction: Troping the Territory,” in: Tropes and Territories: Short Fiction, Postcolonial Readings, Canadian Writing in Context, eds. Marta Dvořák and W. H. New (Montreal, Kingston, London & Ithaca: McGill-Queens University, 2007), p. 4; Christine Lorre, “The Tropes and Territory of Childhood in ‘The Lagoon and Other Stories’ by Janet Frame,” in: Tropes and Territories: Short Fiction, Postcolonial Readings, Canadian Writing in Context, eds. Marta Dvořák and W. H. New (Montreal, Kingston, London & Ithaca: McGill-Queens University, 2007), p. 249.
133 Hulme, “Polytropic Man”; Wylie, Colonial Tropes and Postcolonial Tricks; Pratt, Imperial Eyes. As an example of another terminology for these rhetorical devices, Anna Cichoń in her postcolonial reading of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s In Desert and Wilderness (W pustyni i w puszczy, 1911) analyses what the scholars listed above call “tropes” as the colonial “codes and conventions” of the novel. Anna Cichoń, “W kręgu zagadnień literatury kolonialnej – W pustyni i w puszczy Henryka Sienkiewicza,” Er(r)go, Vol. 1, No. 8 (2004) p. 93.
134 Pratt, Imperial Eyes, p. 11.
135 Hulme, “Polytropic Man,” p. 28, footnote 14.
136 Benita Parry. “Overlapping Territories and Intertwined Histories: Edward Said’s Postcolonial Cosmopolitanism,” in: Edward Said A Critical Reader, ed. Michael Sprinker (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993); Robert Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London & New York: Routledge, 1990). For critical views of Bhabha’s theory, see e.g.: J. M. MacKenzie, Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995); James Clifford, The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature and Art (Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press, 1988); Aijaz Ahmad, In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures (London & New York: Routledge, 1992).
137 Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London & New York: Routledge, 1994), p. 71.
138 Stephen Slemon, “The Scramble for Post-Colonialism,” in: De-Scribing Empire: Post-Colonialism and Textuality, eds. Chris Tiffin and Alan Lawson (London & New York: Routledge), 1994, pp. 23–24.
139 Bhabha, The Location of Culture, p. 46.
140 Bhabha, The Location of Culture, p. 46.
141 Bhabha, The Location of Culture, p. 109.
142 Bhabha, The Location of Culture, p. 109. Boehmer, Colonial & Postcolonial Literature, p. 21.
143 Slemon, “The Scramble for Post-Colonialism,” p. 24.
144 Tiffin and Lawson, “The Textuality of Empire,” p. 8. A similar critique was levelled at Bhabha by Ania Loomba; see Ania Loomba, “Overworlding the ‘Third World’,” Oxford Literary Review, No. 13 (1991), p. 180. Stephen Slemon also observes that according to Bhabha the discourse of the Empire overshadows practices unfolding within wide-raging postcolonial literary production. Slemon, “Monuments of Empire,” pp. 13–14.
145 Benita Parry, “Signs of Our Times: Discussion of Homi Bhabha’s The Location of Culture,” Third Text, No. 28/29 (1994), pp. 5–24.
146 Abdul R. JanMohamed, “The Economy of Manichean Allegory: The Function of Racial Difference in Colonialist Literature,” Critical Inquiry, ed. Louis Henry Gates Jr., Vol. 12, No. 1 (1985), p. 79. JanMohamed contends that Bhabha’s strategy serves the same ideological function as humanistic explorations of old, i.e. it suppresses the history of colonialism. Another point of JanMohamed’s criticism of Bhabha is that discourse, on which Bhabha focuses, seems to linger as if in a vacuum.
147 Boehmer, Colonial & Postcolonial Literature, p. 4.
148 Hans Hauge, “Introduktion,” in: Postkolonialisme,