The Handy Islam Answer Book. John Renard

personnel on Arabian soil, they raise the unacceptable, if rather unlikely, prospect of an infidel invasion of the Holy Cities. To the Iraqi towns of Najaf and Karbala, Shi’ite pilgrims have come over the centuries to commemorate the deaths of Ali and his martyr-son Husayn. It was in part to liberate these two holy sites from Saddam Hussein that Khomeini persisted in the war with Iraq. Somewhere in Iraq even now, some Shi’ite mullah is surely exhorting his people to defend these sanctuaries of the martyrs from defilement by outsiders.

      Western Wall of the Jewish Temple, popularly known as the “Wailing Wall” because of its association with annual lamentation of the fast observed on the Ninth of Av over the destruction of the Temple. The lower courses of masonry are from King Herod’s time, identifiable as Herodian by the trimmed outer margin of each stone. (Photo courtesy David Oughton).

      Why is the holy city of Jerusalem such a bone of contention in Middle Eastern politics?

      Each of the three Abrahamic faiths revolves around a sacred story, a distinctive interpretation of history. At the center of every sacred story is at least one sacred place, which in turn carves out of the cosmos a space held to be inviolable and safe for believers, a sanctuary. For Jews, Jerusalem clearly focuses that sense of sacred place, and within Jerusalem it is the Western Wall (or Wailing Wall) that symbolizes Jewish identity above all. Here one can see and touch all that remains of the Solomonic and Herodian temples. Here one can lament the destruction of both temples and long for the raising of a new one. Unfortunately, time has made the situation agonizingly complex for Jews. The merest mention of rebuilding the temple evokes cries of outrage from the Muslim community, for on top of the temple mount there now stand the seventh-century shrine called the Dome of the Rock and the early eighth-century al-Aqsa mosque.

      What do Muslims think is especially important and “Islamic” about Jerusalem?

      For Muslims the place recalls the importance of Abraham and Solomon as prophets and adds a new layer of sacrality in the belief that this place was a way station in Muhammad’s chief mystical experience, the Night Journey and Ascension. The Muslim holy places on the temple mount also bear an important historic relationship to Christianity. Inscriptions on the Dome of the Rock, as well as the Dome’s axial relationship to the al-Aqsa’s basilical hall (which, it appears, was laid out to parallel and outdo that of the Sepulcher with its dome and basilical hall), clearly suggest a statement of Muslim superiority over Christianity. Muslims count as their own, in addition, the mosque of the Ascension (of Jesus) on the Mount of Olives and the Mosque of Hebron that enshrines the cave of Machpelah, the tomb of Abraham and the patriarchs. Located as it is in an Arab town, the latter has been an important symbol for Palestinians.

      What Middle Eastern sites are especially important to Christians?

      For most Christians, the principal holy sites in the Middle East are of course the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, as well as several places in Nazareth. Perhaps no single place speaks more eloquently of the diversity of Christianity in the Middle East than the Holy Sepulcher. With its multiple side chapels representing various Christian communities, competing liturgical celebrations, and the olfactory dissonance that results from multiple flavors of incense, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher offers a virtual smorgasbord of the Christian tradition. It has been and remains an important symbol of Christian presence in Jerusalem. Christians have not always enjoyed free exercise of their rights in the Middle East, and access to the Sepulcher remains one symbolic anchor in their sense of identity. As a sacred city, Jerusalem is the single most important place in the Middle East. For Muslims, the Dome is a symbol of victory; for Jews, the Wall a symbol of loss; for Christians, the Sepulcher a symbol of victory through loss.

      Is there a succinct summary to the history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?

      Years ago a Palestinian uttered this story: Once upon a time, a camel and a scorpion happened upon each other on the banks of a river. As the camel prepared to swim across, the scorpion approached and asked for a ride. When the camel refused for fear the scorpion would take advantage of his kindness and sting him to death, the scorpion explained how foolish that would be, for then they would both die. The camel agreed and began to ferry his passenger across. Halfway over the scorpion stung the camel. With his last gasp the dromedary asked, “Why on earth did you sentence us both to death?” Said the scorpion as the two went under, “Welcome to the Middle East!” The Palestinian asked, “Who is the camel and who is the scorpion?”

      A German ship, part of a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) force, docks at Istanbul. While one can’t say that the West is unified against the East, many people often do see conflicts with Muslims under such generalized terms.