Regulation of atmospheric chemical composition.
Regulation of climate (including global to local temperature, precipitation, etc.)
Regulation of climate disturbances (dampening fluctuations in storms, floods, draught, etc.).
Regulation of water for storage and access (both agricultural and industrial uses).
Control of erosion and sediment.
Control of soil (formation and retention).
Regulation of nutrient cycles (storage, cycling, processing, and acquisition).
Treatment of waste (pollution control, detoxification, etc.).
Control of biological systems—except humans (regulation of populations).
Provision of habitats for migrating species.
Production of food.
Supply of raw materials (organic and inorganic).
Supply of genetic resources.
Recreational uses (including sports and tourism).
Cultural uses (aesthetic, artistic, educational, spiritual, scientific, etc.).
Those numbers measuring the financial impact of environmental issues are already staggeringly persuasive in many cases, but perhaps we shouldn’t try to measure social benefits in such a way.[1]
Just to give you a taste of what I’m talking about, let’s just look at a list of the potential social issues that concern people (see Table 2.1). For sure, few people track all of these issues, but all of them show up on someone’s radar screen, in one SRI (Socially Responsible Investment Fund) screen or another, or become the focus of a protest at some point.
Table 2.1: 2008 Qualifying and Rating Criteria from Highwater Research
| GOOD COMPANY |
| Intention |
| ENVIRONMENTAL |
| Genetic Modification Nuclear Power Fossil Fuels Clearcut Logging Hazardous Waste Industrial Farming Animal Cruelty |
| SOCIAL |
| Human Rights Unethical Conduct Gambling Tobacco Weapons Fast Food Alcohol Sexually Explicit Material Explicit Violence |
| LEADERSHIP |
| Financial Management Social and Environmental Commitment Social and Environmental Execution Management / Board Integrity Stakeholder Engagement |
| COMMUNITY |
| Community Relations Economic Impact Philanthropy |
| CUSTOMERS |
| Customer Satisfaction Customer Safety Disclosure and Labeling |
| EMPLOYEES |
| Working Conditions Employee Relations Compensation and Benefits Employee Wellness |
| PRODUCT and SERVICES |
| Product Accessibility Societal Contribution Product Design Extended Producer Responsibility |
| WOMEN and CHILDREN |
| Employment Practices Women in Leadership |
| DIVERSITY |
| Employment Practices Diverse Leadership |
| MATERIALS |
| Raw Material Demand Material Waste Molecular Waste |
| ENERGY |
| Energy Demand Energy Sourcing Energy Efficiency |
| WATER |
| Water Use Water Quality |
| CLIMATE |
| Greenhouse Gases Policy Impacts |
Any one of these criteria can break out into detailed subcriteria. For example, Animal Cruelty might refer to voluntary or mandatory animal testing of medicines or products, owning zoos or circuses with animals, using animal products in the production of products and services, using animal labor, raising animals for food, cruel living conditions or abuse, promoting or reducing animal diversity, and so on. And none of these are standardized or commonly agreed-upon criteria within the categories. Different individuals and groups will expect different performance and adherence.
As you can see, there are hundreds of potential issues of interest to customers, investors, users, and other audiences. Designers don’t need to have a deep knowledge of every issue, but they should take a pass over the list every now and then to be familiar with the variety of issues important to people who are impacted by their solutions. There is no way to address them all, because many are in opposition to one another. For example, some religious-based organizations and investment groups don’t want to invest in pornography, while others see it as a litmus test of Freedom of Speech. Some don’t want to support Lesbian/Gay/Transgender issues (or, more accurately, support companies that support these causes), while others expressly seek out those that do. Ultimately, you’ll have to make your own choices as to what is important to you, your company, its brand, your clients, and your customers, but you need to have a broad awareness before you can do so.
Aside from the long list of social issues, the difficulty of creating a measurement system for them, and their often mutually-opposed imperatives, we need to address the culture of “optimization” that pervades such viewpoints. In personal finance, for example, the goal is to optimize money in absolute terms. Financial managers are required by law to help their clients realize the highest possible returns. This focus purely on financial measures ignores those same customers’ social values. It’s been very recent that investment funds target specific social issues so that people and organizations don’t transgress their goals in the pursuit of simply maximizing their funds. For example, labor unions and pension funds are realizing that investing in companies responsible for accelerating the transfer of jobs overseas isn’t in the long-term interest of their organizations. Despite potentially higher returns, many are reprioritizing where they invest in order not to contribute to the problems they face. The same was done by organizations and individuals in the 1980s who didn’t want to support apartheid in South Africa.
More recently, personal financial advisors have helped their clients to balance quality of life issues over optimization of financial returns. In other words, many people are content to earn a little less if it makes them happier to support organizations, companies, products, and goals that are important to them rather than contributing to the very things that upset them in the world. Likewise, the culture of working too much in order to provide the most money possible for our families is changing in favor of earning less in order to spend more time with our families. These people can’t measure their happiness or satisfaction in financial terms, but they’re often happily accepting lower pay in favor of more meaningful lives.
Environmental Measures
Environmental criteria are usually