FIGURE 3. SIDE VIEW OF THE CAST OF A PART OF A HUMAN SKULL FROM A CAVE IN THE NEANDERTHAL.
FIGURE 4. OUTLINE OF THE SKULL OF AN ADULT CHIMPANZEE, OF THAT FROM THE NEANDERTHAL, AND OF THAT OF A EUROPEAN.
FIGURE 5. SKULL ASSOCIATED WITH GROUND FLINT IMPLEMENTS.
FIGURE 6. OUTLINES OF THE SKULL FROM THE NEANDERTHAL, OF AN AUSTRALIAN SKULL FROM PORT ADELAIDE, AND OF THE SKULL FROM THE CAVE OF ENGIS.
FIGURE 7. SECTION ACROSS THE VALLEY OF THE SOMME IN PICARDY.
FIGURE 8. FLINT IMPLEMENT FROM ST. ACHEUL, NEAR AMIENS, OF THE SPEAR-HEAD SHAPE.
FIGURE 9. OVAL-SHAPED FLINT HATCHET FROM MAUTORT.
FIGURE 10. FLINT TOOL FROM ST. ACHEUL.
FIGURES 11, 12 AND 13. DENDRITES ON SURFACES OF FLINT HATCHETS IN THE DRIFT OF ST. ACHEUL.
FIGURE 14. FLINT KNIFE OR FLAKE FROM BELOW THE SAND CONTAINING Cyrena fluminalis.
FIGURE 15. FOSSILS OF THE WHITE CHALK.
FIGURE 16. SECTION OF FLUVIO-MARINE STRATA, CONTAINING FLINT IMPLEMENTS AND BONES OF EXTINCT MAMMALIA.
FIGURE 17. Cyrena fluminalis, O.F. Muller, sp.
FIGURE 18. Elephas primigenius.
FIGURE 19. Elephas antiquus, Falconer.
FIGURE 20. Elephas meridionalis, Nesti.
FIGURE 21. SECTION OF GRAVEL PIT CONTAINING FLINT IMPLEMENTS AT ST. ACHEUL.
FIGURE 22. CONTORTED FLUVIATILE STRATA AT ST. ACHEUL.
FIGURE 23. SECTION ACROSS THE VALLEY OF THE OUSE.
FIGURE 24. SECTION SHOWING THE POSITION OF THE FLINT WEAPONS AT HOXNE.
FIGURE 25. SECTION OF PART OF THE HILL OF FAJOLES.
FIGURE 26. SECTION THROUGH THE ALLUVIAL PLAIN OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
FIGURE 27. DIAGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE THE GENERAL SUCCESSION OF THE STRATA IN THE NORFOLK CLIFFS.
FIGURE 28. Cyclas (Pisidium) amnica var.(?)
FIGURE 29. CLIFF 50 FEET HIGH BETWEEN BACTON GAP AND MUNDESLEY.
FIGURE 30. FOLDING OF THE STRATA BETWEEN EAST AND WEST RUNTON.
FIGURE 31. SECTION OF CONCENTRIC BEDS WEST OF CROMER.
FIGURE 32. INCLUDED PINNACLE OF CHALK AT OLD HYTHE POINT.
FIGURE 33. SECTION OF THE NEWER FRESH-WATER FORMATION IN THE CLIFFS AT MUNDESLEY.
FIGURE 34. Paludina marginata, Michaud (P. minuta, Strickland). Hydrobia marginata.
FIGURE 35. OVAL AND FLATTISH PEBBLES.
PLATE 2. VIEW OF THE MOUTHS OF GLEN ROY AND GLEN SPEAN.
FIGURE 36. MAP OF THE PARALLEL ROADS OF GLEN ROY.
FIGURE 37. SECTION THROUGH SIDE OF LOCH.
FIGURE 38. DOME-SHAPED ROCKS, OR "ROCHES MOUTONEES."
FIGURE 39. MAP OF THE BRITISH ISLES AND PART OF THE NORTH-WEST OF EUROPE, SHOWING THE GREAT AMOUNT OF SUPPOSED SUBMERGENCE OF LAND BENEATH THE SEA DURING PART OF THE GLACIAL PERIOD.
FIGURE 40. MAP SHOWING WHAT PARTS OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS WOULD REMAIN ABOVE WATER AFTER A SUBSIDENCE OF THE AREA TO THE EXTENT OF 600 FEET.
FIGURE 41. MAP OF PART OF THE NORTH-WEST OF EUROPE, INCLUDING THE BRITISH ISLES, SHOWING THE EXTENT OF SEA WHICH WOULD BECOME LAND IF THERE WERE A GENERAL RISE OF THE AREA TO THE EXTENT OF 600 FEET.
FIGURE 42. MAP SHOWING THE SUPPOSED COURSE OF THE ANCIENT AND NOW EXTINCT GLACIER OF THE RHONE.
FIGURE 43. MAP OF THE MORAINES OF EXTINCT GLACIERS EXTENDING FROM THE ALPS INTO THE PLAINS OF THE PO NEAR TURIN.
FIGURE 44. Succinea oblonga.
FIGURE 45. Pupa muscorum.
FIGURE 46. Helix hispida, Lin.; H. plebeia, Drap.
FIGURE 47. SOUTHERN EXTREMITY OF MOENS KLINT.
FIGURE 48. SECTION OF MOENS KLINT.
FIGURE 49. POST-GLACIAL DISTURBANCES OF VERTICAL, FOLDED, AND SHIFTED STRATA OF CHALK AND DRIFT, IN THE DRONNINGESTOL.
FIGURE 50. MAP SHOWING THE RELATIVE POSITION AND DIRECTION OF SEVEN TRAINS OF ERRATIC BLOCKS IN BERKSHIRE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND IN PART OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
FIGURE 51. ERRATIC DOME-SHAPED BLOCK OF COMPACT CHLORITIC ROCK.
FIGURE 52. SECTION SHOWING THE POSITION OF THE BLOCK IN FIGURE 51.
FIGURE 53. SECTION THROUGH CANAAN AND RICHMOND VALLEYS AT A TIME WHEN THEY WERE MARINE CHANNELS.
FIGURE 54. UPPER SURFACE OF BRAIN OF CHIMPANZEE, DISTORTED.
FIGURE 55. SIDE VIEW OF BRAIN OF CHIMPANZEE, DISTORTED.
FIGURE 56. CORRECT SIDE VIEW OF CHIMPANZEE'S BRAIN.
FIGURE 57. CORRECT VIEW OF UPPER SURFACE OF CHIMPANZEE'S BRAIN.
FIGURE 58. SIDE VIEW OF HUMAN BRAIN.
GEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN.
CHAPTER 1. — INTRODUCTORY.
Preliminary Remarks on the Subjects treated of in this Work.
Definition of the Terms Recent and Pleistocene.
Tabular View of the entire Series of Fossiliferous Strata.
No subject has lately excited more curiosity and general interest among geologists and the public than the question of the Antiquity of the Human Race—whether or no we have sufficient evidence in caves, or in the superficial deposits commonly called drift or "diluvium," to prove the former co-existence of man with certain extinct mammalia. For the last half-century the occasional occurrence in various parts of Europe of the bones of Man or the works of his hands in cave-breccias and stalagmites, associated with the remains of the extinct hyaena, bear, elephant, or rhinoceros, has given rise to a suspicion that the date of Man must be carried farther back than we had heretofore imagined. On the other hand extreme reluctance was naturally felt on the part of scientific reasoners to admit the validity of such evidence, seeing that so many caves have been inhabited by a succession of tenants and have been selected by Man as a place not only of domicile, but of sepulture, while some caves have also served as the channels through which the waters of occasional land-floods or engulfed rivers have flowed, so that the remains of living beings which have peopled the district at more than one era may have subsequently been mingled in such caverns and confounded together in one and the same deposit. But the facts brought to light in 1858, during the systematic investigation of the Brixham cave, near Torquay in Devonshire, which will be described in the sequel, excited anew the curiosity of the British public and prepared the way for a general admission that scepticism in regard to the bearing of cave evidence in favour of the antiquity of Man had previously been pushed to an extreme.
Since that period many of the facts formerly adduced in favour of the co-existence in ancient times of Man with certain species of mammalia long since extinct