[*] 4. Ovules (1 or 2) ascending or horizontal, or pendulous from a basal funicle; fleshy disk entire or lobed; stamens 5–10; shrubs or trees, with compound leaves (simple in Acer) and mostly polygamo-diœcious and often irregular flowers; petals imbricate (sometimes none in Sapindaceæ).
29. Sapindaceæ (p. 115). Flowers mostly unsymmetrical or irregular. Ovary 2–3-celled and -lobed.
30. Anacardiaceæ (p. 118). Flowers regular, 5-androus. Ovary 1-celled, becoming a small dry drupe. Leaves alternate; juice milky or resinous.
[*] 5. Ovules solitary, pendulous from the summit of the 2-celled ovary; disk none; flowers irregular (subpapilionaceous), hypogynous; stamens monadelphous or diadelphous; anthers 1-celled, opening by an apical pore.
31. Polygalaceæ (p. 120). Herbs, with perfect flowers and alternate or opposite or whorled entire leaves. Stamens 6–8. Seed carunculate.
C. CALYCIFLORÆ. Sepals rarely distinct; disk adnate to the base of the calyx, rarely tumid or conspicuous; petals and stamens on the calyx, perigynous or epigynous, the ovary being often inferior (hypogynous in Drosera and Parnassia, nearly so in some Leguminosæ and Crassulaceæ). Apetalous flowers in Orders 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, and 50.
[*] 1. Ovary usually superior, the pistils solitary, or several and distinct (sometimes more or less united but at least the styles distinct except in some Saxifragaceæ).
32. Leguminosæ (p. 122). Flowers papilionaceous or regular. Stamens usually 10, and mostly monadelphous or diadelphous. Pistil one, free, becoming a legume; style terminal. Albumen none. Leaves mostly compound, alternate, stipular.
33. Rosaceæ (p. 150). Flowers regular, with usually numerous distinct stamens, and 1–many pistils, distinct or (in Pomeæ) united and combined with the calyx-tube; style often lateral or basal. Calyx-lobes and petals mostly 5. Ovules mostly 1 or 2. Albumen mostly none. Trees, shrubs, or herbs; leaves usually alternate and stipulate, simple or compound.
34. Calycanthaceæ (p. 167). Calyx-lobes, petals, and stamens indefinite. Pistils numerous, becoming achenes in a hollow receptacle. Albumen none. Aromatic shrubs, with opposite entire leaves and no stipules.
35. Saxifragaceæ (p. 168). Flowers regular, with 5–10 stamens (numerous in Philadelphus), few (mostly 2) more or less united, free or partially adnate carpels, and few–many ovules on axile or sometimes parietal placentæ. Seeds albuminous. Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or alternate leaves, with or without stipules.
36. Crassulaceæ (p. 170). Mostly fleshy herbs, with symmetrical flowers, the usually distinct many-seeded carpels as many as the sepals. Seeds albuminous. Leaves alternate or opposite or whorled; stipules none.
37. Droseraceæ (p. 178). Glandular-haired scapose marsh herbs, with regular 5-merous hypogynous flowers. Capsule 1-celled, with 3–5 many-seeded parietal placentæ. Anthers extrorse. Leaves circinate in vernation.
38. Hamamelideæ (p. 179). Shrubs or trees; flowers often polygamo-monœcious, in clusters, heads, or spikes; petals often none. Seeds 2 or more, bony, in a 2-beaked woody pod opening above, the base adnate to the calyx-tube. Stamens few or many. Leaves alternate, simple.
39. Halorageæ (p. 180). Aquatic or marsh herbs; flowers perfect or polygamo-diœcious, small, axillary or spicate; petals often none. Stamens 1–8. Ovary inferior, the calyx-limb obsolete or very short. Fruit small, indehiscent, 1–4-celled, 1–4-seeded. Leaves alternate or opposite, the submersed often dissected.
[*] 2. Ovary inferior (except in Lythraceæ), 1–several-celled; style entire; flowers perfect, regular or nearly so, mostly 4-merous; herbs, with simple and mostly entire leaves without stipules.
40. Melastomaceæ (p. 183). Calyx open. Stamens definite; anthers opening by an apical pore. Leaves opposite, 3–7-nerved; flowers cymose.
41. Lythraceæ (p. 184). Calyx-lobes valvate. Pod free, but enclosed in the calyx, membranous, 1–4-celled, many-seeded with axile placentæ. Leaves mostly opposite; flowers axillary or whorled; petals crumpled, or none.
42. Onagraceæ (p. 186). Calyx-lobes valvate. Ovary 1–4-celled, the cells 1–many-ovuled. Stamens 2, 4, or 8. Petals 2 or 4, convolute, or none. Leaves opposite or alternate.
[*] 3. Ovary inferior (except in Passifloraceæ and Ficoideæ), 1-celled with parietal placentæ or several-celled by the intrusion of the placentæ; flowers regular, perfect or unisexual; styles free or united; herbs.
[+] Embryo straight; cotyledons foliaceous; leaves alternate, often lobed.
43. Loasaceæ (p. 193). Flowers perfect. Stamens indefinite. Style entire or 2–3-cleft. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 or 3 many-seeded placentæ. Pubescence of hooked hairs.
44. Passifloraceæ (p. 194). Climbing by tendrils. Flowers perfect. Stamens 5, monadelphous. Ovary stalked, superior, becoming a 1-celled many-seeded berry with 3 or 4 placentæ. Styles 3, clavate.
45. Cucurbitaceæ (p. 194). Tendril-bearing vines, with diœcious or monœcious flowers. Corolla 5-lobed, often confluent with the calyx. Stamens 3 or 5, usually more or less united and the anthers often tortuous. Fruit fleshy or membranous, 1–5-celled, the placentæ often produced to the axis and revolute. Seeds exalbuminous.
[+][+] Embryo curved or coiled about central albumen; leaves entire.
46. Cactaceæ (p. 196). Fleshy and mostly leafless prickly plants, with solitary sessile perfect flowers. Calyx-lobes and petals indefinite, imbricated, the numerous stamens on the tube. Fruit a 1-celled many-seeded berry.
47. Ficoideæ (p. 198). Calyx-lobes or sepals 5 and petals none in our genera. Capsule 3–5-celled with axile placentæ, loculicidal or circumscissile, many-seeded. Often fleshy; leaves mostly opposite or verticillate.
[*] 4. Flowers small, regular, perfect or polygamous; calyx-limb minute or obsolete; ovary inferior, 2–several-celled, with solitary pendulous ovules; petals and stamens mostly 4 or 5, on the margin of an epigynous disk surrounding the styles; albumen copious.
48. Umbelliferæ (p. 198). Flowers in umbels or heads. Petals (inflexed) and stamens 5. Styles 2. Fruit of 2 dry seed-like carpels, the pericarp usually with oil-tubes. Herbs, with alternate mostly compound leaves.
49. Araliaceæ (p. 212). Flowers mostly in umbels and nearly as in Umbelliferæ; petals not inflexed and styles 2 or more. Fruit a 2–several-celled drupe. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate mostly compound leaves.
50. Cornaceæ (p. 213). Flowers not in umbels; petals (valvate, or none) and stamens 4 or 5. Style 1. Fruit a 1–2-seeded drupe. Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite or alternate simple and mostly entire leaves.