5. A. Canadénsis, L. (Sickle-pod.) Stem upright, smooth above; stem-leaves pubescent, pointed at both ends, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower toothed; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear; pods very flat, scythe-shaped, hanging on rough-hairy pedicels (2´´ wide).—Woods and ravines; not rare, especially westward. June–Aug.
§ 2. TURRÌTIS. Seeds not so broad as the partition, in two more or less distinct rows in each cell, at least when young; strict and very leafy-stemmed biennials; cauline leaves partly clasping by a sagittate base. (Our species very glabrous, except the mostly hirsute base of the stem and the lower leaves.)
6. A. perfoliàta, Lam. (Tower Mustard.) Tall (2–4° high), glaucous; stem-leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire; petals yellowish-white, little longer than the calyx; pods very narrow (3´ long) and pedicels strictly erect; seeds marginless; cotyledons often oblique.—Rocks and fields, N. Eng. to Minn. (rare), north and westward. (Eu.)
7. A. confìnis, Watson. Scarcely glaucous, 1–3° high; pubescence below finely stellate; stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, entire (1–2´ long), with narrow auricles, or the lowest spatulate and toothed; petals white or rose-color, fully twice the length of the calyx; pedicels and flat pods loosely erect, or ascending, or even spreading; seeds wing-margined, when mature little narrower than the partition. (A. Drummondii, Man.)—From the lower St. Lawrence to Minn., south to Conn., N. Y., and Ill.—Pods 2½–3½´ long, or in a var. (T. brachycarpa, Torr. & Gray) only 1–2´ long.
§ 3. PSEUDÁRABIS. Seeds oblong or elliptical, very small, wingless, in one row; cotyledons often more or less oblique. Biennial or perennial, branching from the base.
8. A. lyràta, L. Mostly glabrous, except the lyrate-pinnatifid root-leaves; stem-leaves scattered, spatulate or linear with a tapering base, sparingly toothed or entire; petals white, much longer than the yellowish calyx; pods long and slender, flat, ascending or spreading.—On rocks or sandy shores, New Eng. to Ky. along the mountains, Minn., and northward. April–July.—Usually biennial, but southward in the mountains decidedly perennial.
9. A. dentàta, Torr. & Gray. Roughish pubescent, slender (1–2° high); leaves oblong, very obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed; those of the stem numerous, half-clasping and eared at the base, of the root broader and tapering into a short petiole; petals (whitish) scarcely exceeding the calyx; pods widely spreading, very slender, short-stalked; style scarcely any.—N. Y. to Mich., Minn., and southward. May, June.
6. DRÀBA, Dill. Whitlow-Grass.
Pod oval, oblong, or even linear, flat; the valves plane or slightly convex; the partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments not toothed.—Low herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow flowers; pubescence often stellate. (Name from δράβη, applied by Dioscorides to some cress; meaning unknown.)
§ 1. DRABÆ̀A. Petals not notched or cleft; perennial or biennial, leafy-stemmed, flowers white, pods twisted when ripe.
1. D. ramosíssima, Desv. Diffusely much branched and forming many radical tufts, perennial (5–8´ high), pubescent; leaves laciniate-toothed, linear-lanceolate, the lower oblanceolate, racemes corymbosely-branched; pods hairy, oval-oblong or lanceolate (2–5´´ long), on slender spreading pedicels, tipped with a long style.—Cliffs, Harper's Ferry, Natural Bridge, etc., Va., to Kentucky River, and southward. April, May.
2. D. incàna, L. Hoary-pubescent, biennial or somewhat perennial, the radical tuft seldom branching; leaves oblanceolate or the cauline lanceolate to ovate, few-toothed or entire; pods oblong to lanceolate, usually acute and straight, often pubescent, on short erect pedicels; style very short or none.—Dry rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vt.; also northward and far westward. (Eu.)
Var. arábisans, Watson. Caudex much branched; pod glabrous, acuminate or acute, twisted, beaked with a longer distinct style. (D. arabisans, Michx.)—N. Vt. to western N. Y. and the shores of the upper lakes.
§ 2. DRABÉLLA. Winter annuals; leafy stems short; flowers white (yellow in n. 5); style none. (Leaves oblong or obovate, hairy, sessile.)
3. D. Caroliniàna, Walt. Small (1–5´ high); leaves obovate, entire; peduncles scape-like; petals usually twice the length of the calyx; raceme short or corymbose in fruit (½–1´ long); pods broadly linear, smooth, much longer than the ascending pedicels.—Sandy and waste fields, E. Mass. to Minn., and southward. March–May.—Petals often wanting in the later racemes, especially in the var. micrántha, Gray, with minutely rough-hairy pods, which is found with the other, westward.
4. D. cuneifòlia, Nutt. Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the lowest spatulate, toothed; raceme somewhat elongated in fruit (1–3´), at length equalling the naked peduncle; petals emarginate, much longer than the calyx; pods oblong-linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal pedicels.—Grassy places, Ill. to E. Kan., and southward. March, April.
5. D. brachycárpa, Nutt. Low (2–4´ high), minutely pubescent; stems leafy to the base of the dense at length elongated raceme; leaves narrowly oblong or the lowest ovate (2–4´´ long), few toothed or entire; flowers small; pods smooth, narrowly oblong, acutish (2´´ long), about the length of the ascending or spreading pedicels.—Dry hills, Ill., Ky., Va. (A. H. Curtiss), and southward. April.—Petals sometimes minute, sometimes none.
6. D. nemoròsa, L. Leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, more or less toothed; racemes elongated (4–8´ long in fruit); petals emarginate, small; pods elliptical-oblong, half the length of the horizontal or widely-spreading pedicels, pubescent or smooth.—Fort Gratiot, Mich., N. Minn., and westward. (Eu.)
§ 3. ERÓPHILA. Petals 2-cleft. (Annual or biennial; flowers white.)
D. vérna, L. (Whitlow-Grass.) Small (scapes 1–3´ high); leaves all radical, oblong or lanceolate; racemes elongated in fruit; pods varying from round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth, shorter than the pedicels.—Sandy waste places and roadsides. April, May. (Nat. from Eu.)
7. ALÝSSUM, Tourn.
Pod small, orbicular, with only one or two wingless seeds in a cell; valves nerveless, somewhat convex, the margin flattened. Flowers yellow or white. Filaments often toothed. Cotyledons accumbent. (Greek name of a plant reputed to check the hiccup, as the etymology denotes.)
A. marítimum, L. (Sweet Alyssum), with green or slightly hoary linear leaves, honey-scented small white flowers, and 2-seeded pods, commonly cult., begins to be spontaneous southward. (Adv. from Eu.)
A. calycìnum, L., a dwarf hoary annual, with linear-spatulate leaves, pale yellow or whitish petals little exceeding the persistent calyx, and orbicular sharp margined 4-seeded pod, the style minute, occurs occasionally in grassland. (Adv. from Eu.)
8. LESQUERÉLLA, Watson.
Pod mostly globular or inflated, with a broad orbicular to ovate hyaline partition nerved to the middle, the hemispherical or convex thin valves nerveless. Seeds few or several, in 2 rows, flat. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments toothless.—Low herbs, hoary with stellate hairs or lepidote. Flowers mostly yellow. (Named for Leo Lesquereux.)
1. L. globòsa, Watson. Minutely hoary all over; stems spreading or decumbent from an annual or biennial root; leaves oblong or lanceolate with a tapering base, repand-toothed or nearly entire; raceme at length