The Methods of Ethics. Sidgwick Henry

80-83 3. In short, all varieties of Method may conveniently be classed under three heads: Intuitionism and the two kinds of Hedonism, Egoistic and Universalistic. The common confusion between the two latter is easily explained, but must be carefully guarded against. 83-87 Note 87-88 CHAPTER VII EGOISM AND SELF-LOVE 1. To get a clear idea of what is commonly known as Egoism, we must distinguish and exclude several possible meanings of the term: 89-93 2. and define its end as the greatest attainable surplus of pleasure over pain for the agent—pleasures being valued in proportion to their pleasantness. 93-95 CHAPTER VIII INTUITIONISM 1. I apply the term Intuitional—in the narrower of two legitimate senses—to distinguish a method in which the rightness of some kinds of action is assumed to be known without consideration of ulterior consequences. 96-98 2. The common antithesis between Intuitive and Inductive is inexact, since this method does not necessarily proceed from the universal to the particular. We may distinguish Perceptional Intuitionism, according to which it is always the rightness of some particular action that is held to be immediately known: 98-100 3. Dogmatic Intuitionism, in which the general rules of Common Sense are accepted as axiomatic: 100-101 4. Philosophical Intuitionism, which attempts to find a deeper explanation for these current rules. 101-103 Note 103-104 CHAPTER IX GOOD 1. Another important variety of Intuitionism is constituted by substituting for “right” the wider notion “good.” 105-106 2. The common judgment that a thing is “good” does not on reflection appear to be equivalent to a judgment that it is directly or indirectly pleasant. 106-109 3. “Good” = “desirable” or “reasonably desired”: as applied to conduct, the term does not convey so definite a dictate as “right,” and it is not confined to the strictly voluntary. 109-113 4. There are many other things commonly judged to be good: but reflection shows that nothing is ultimately good except some mode of human existence. 113-115 BOOK II EGOISM CHAPTER I THE PRINCIPLE AND METHOD OF EGOISM 1. The Principle of Egoistic Hedonism is the widely accepted proposition that the rational end of conduct for each individual is the Maximum of his own Happiness or Pleasure. 119-121 2. There are several methods of seeking this end: but we may take as primary that which proceeds by Empirical-reflective comparison of pleasures. 121-122 CHAPTER II EMPIRICAL HEDONISM 1. In this method it is assumed that all pleasures sought and pains shunned are commensurable; and can be arranged in a certain scale of preferableness: 123-125 2. pleasure being defined as “feeling apprehended as desirable by the sentient individual at the time of feeling it.” 125-130 Note 130 CHAPTER III EMPIRICAL HEDONISM (continued) 1. To get a clearer view of this method, let us consider objections tending to show its inherent impracticability: as, first, that “pleasure as feeling cannot be conceived,” and that a “sum of pleasures is intrinsically unmeaning”: 131-134 2. that transient pleasures cannot satisfy; and that the predominance of self-love tends to defeat its own end: 134-138 3. that the habit of introspectively comparing pleasures is unfavourable to pleasure: Скачать книгу