От планктона до акулы. Уроки офисной эволюции для амбициозных. Марк Эффрон

род. 3 сентября 1963, Хэмпшир) – канадский журналист, поп-социолог. С 1987 по 1996 год работал журналистом в Washington Post, возглавлял нью-йоркское бюро газеты. С 1996 года является штатным автором культового журнала The New Yorker. Приобрел известность благодаря своим книгам «Переломный момент» (англ. The Tipping Point, 2000), «Озарение» (англ. Blink, 2005), «Гении и аутсайдеры» (англ. Outliers: The Story of Success, 2008) и «Что видела собака» (англ. What the Dog Saw: And Other Adventures, 2009). — Прим. ред.

      10

      Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers: The Story of Success (Vancouver: Hachette, 2008).

      11

      David Z. Hambrick et al., “Accounting for Expert Performance: The Devil Is in the Details,” Intelligence 45 (2014): 112–114.

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