8. Small torch.
There are ones available for keyrings that are small and light. If you are ever in darkness and trying to read a map, a torch of any kind will be useful.
9. Magnifying glass.
For general interest. Can also be used to start a fire.
10. Plasters.
Just one or two, or better still, a piece from a cloth plaster roll that can be cut with penknife scissors. They probably won’t be used, but you never know.
11. Fish-hooks.
If you have strong thread and a tiny hook, you only need a stick and a worm to have some chance of catching something. Put the hook tip into a piece of cork, or you’ll snag yourself on it.
The Greatest Paper Plane in The World
IN THE 1950S, a secondary school headmaster found a boy throwing paper planes from a high window. The head was considering punishments when he noticed the plane was still in the air, flying across the playground below. The boy escaped a detention, but he did have to pass on the design to the schoolmaster – who passed it on to his own children. You will find more complicated designs. You may be sold the idea that the best planes require scissors and lessons in origami. This is nonsense.
The plane on the right – the Harrier – is simple, fast and can be made from a sheet of A4. It is the best long-distance glider you’ll ever see – and with a tweak or two, the best stunt plane. It has even won competitions. One was to clear the entire road from a hotel balcony next to Windsor Castle on New Year’s Eve. Four other planes hit the tarmac – this one sailed clear across. The one on the left – the Bulldog Dart – is a simple dart, a warm-up plane, if you like. It’s a competent glider.
THE BULLDOG DART
1 Fold a sheet of A4 lengthways to get a centre line.
2 Fold two corners into the centre line, as in the picture.
3 Turn the paper over and fold those corners in half, as shown.
4 Fold the pointy nose back on itself to form the snub nose. You might try folding the nose underneath, but both ways work well.
5 Fold the whole plane lengthways, as shown.
6 Finally, fold the wings in half to complete the Bulldog Dart.
Good – now you know a design that really works. You may have noticed the insect-like plane in the middle of the first picture. It does have complicated ‘floats’ and inverse folds. However, it just doesn’t fly very well and neither do most of the overcomplicated designs. We think that matters. Yes, it looks like a locust, but if it nose-dives, what exactly is the point?
Here, then, is the gold standard. It flies.
THE HARRIER
1 Fold in half lengthways to find your centre line and then fold two corners into that line, as shown.
2 Fold that top triangle down, as you see in the picture. It should look like an envelope.
3 Fold in the second set of corners. You should be able to leave a triangular point sticking out.
4 Fold the triangle over the corners to hold them down.
5 Fold in half along the spine, leaving the triangle on the outside, as shown.
6 Finally, fold the wings back on themselves, finding your halfway line carefully. The more care you take to be accurate with these folds, the better the plane will fly.
This plane does well at slower launch speeds. It can stall at high speed, but if you lift one of the flaps slightly at the back, it will swoop and return to your hand or fly in a great spiral. Fiddle with your plane until you are happy with it. Each one will be slightly different and have a character of its own.
The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
THE FAMOUS SEVEN WONDERS of the ancient world were: the Great Pyramid of Cheops at Giza, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Colossus of Rhodes, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia and the Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria. Only the pyramid at Giza survives to the modern day.
1. The Great Pyramid is the largest tomb ever built, created for the 4th Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu (2898–2875 BC), though he is better known by the Greek form of his name, Cheops.
It is one of the three great pyramids at Giza near Cairo, the other two being constructed for the pharaohs Menkaure and Khafre. The largest, for Cheops, was the tallest structure on earth for more than four thousand years, until the nineteenth century AD. Though the capstone was removed at some point, it would have stood at 481 ft (146.5 m) high.
The base is perfectly square – a feat of astonishing accuracy considering the sheer size of it. Each side of the base is 755 ft 8 in (231 m) long and each side slopes at 51 degrees, 51 minutes. It is composed of two million blocks of stone, each one weighing more than two tons. They fit together so well that not even a knife blade can be slid between them.
2. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were built in what is now modern-day Iraq, on the banks of the river Euphrates. They were created by King Nebuchadnezzar for his queen between the seventh and sixth centuries BC.
Famously, they employed complex hydraulic systems to raise thousands of gallons from the river and keep the gardens blooming. We can only guess at the exact method, but an Archimedean screw, as shown here, may have been employed.
3. The Temple of Artemis (Diana) at Ephesus in what is modern-day Turkey is said to have awed Alexander the Great with its extraordinary beauty, though the citizens refused his offer to bear the cost of a restoration. Originally built in the sixth century BC, the temple was destroyed and rebuilt on more than one occasion, though the most famous was the night of Alexander’s birth, when a man named Herostratus burned it so that his name would be remembered – one of the greatest acts of vandalism of all time. It finally fell into ruin around the third century AD.
4. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus was created for King Mausolus of Persia, who ruled from 377 to 353 BC. Halicarnassus is now the city of Bodrum in Turkey. On top of the rectangular tomb chamber, thirty-six columns supported a stepped pyramid crowned by statues of Mausolus and his wife (and sister) Artemisia in a chariot, reaching a height of approximately 140 ft or 42.5 m. It was destroyed in 1522 when crusading Knights of St John used the