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Валиханов Ч. Ч. Записка о судебной реформе. С. 160–161. См. также: Campbell I. W. Knowledge and the Ends of Empire: Kazak Intermediaries and Russian Rule on the Steppe, 1731–1917. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2017. В рамках исследований научной школы «социальной истории», получившей развитие в Великобритании, также было показано, что массы использовали обычай как «оружие слабых» в своей законной борьбе против правящих классов: Malcolmson R. W. Popular Recreations in English Society, 1700–1850. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1973. P. 117; Thompson E. P. Eighteenth-Century English Society: Class Struggle without Class? // Social History. 1978. Vol. 3. № 2. P. 133–165.
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Kappeler A. Russland als Vielvölkerreich. Основной аргумент уже был представлен в эмпирически более насыщенной монографии Каппелера: Kappeler A. Russlands erste Nationalitäten: Das Zarenreich und die Völker der Mittleren Wolga vom 16. bis 19. Jahrhundert. Köln: Böhlau, 1982. Эта дискуссия получила развитие в следующих работах: Imperial Russia: New Histories for the Empire / Eds J. Burbank, D. L. Ransel. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1998; Новая имперская история постсоветского пространства: Сб. статей / Ред. И. В. Герасимов. Казань: Центр исследования национализма в империи, 2004; David-Fox M. et al. The Imperial Turn // Kritika. 2006. Vol. 7. № 4. P. 705–712; Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700–1930 / Eds J. Burbank et al. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007.
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Russia’s Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700–1917 / Eds D. R. Brower, E. J. Lazzerini. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1997; Barrett T. M. At the Edge of Empire: The Terek Cossacks and the North Caucasus Frontier, 1700–1860. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999; Bassin M. Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East, 1840–1865. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999; Dickinson S. Russia’s First «Orient»: Characterizing the Crimea in 1787 // Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2002. Vol. 3. № 1. P. 3–25; Khodarkovsky M. Russia’s Steppe Frontier; Sunderland W. Taming the Wild Field: Colonization and Empire on the Russian Steppe. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004; Breyfogle N. B. Heretics and Colonizers: Forging Russia’s Empire in the South Caucasus. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005; Peopling the Russian Periphery: Borderland Colonization in Eurasian History / Eds N. B. Breyfogle et al. London: Routledge, 2009; Sahadeo J. Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent 1865–1923. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007; Jobst K. S. Die Perle des Imperiums: Der russische Krim-Diskurs im Zarenreich. Konstanz: UVK-Verl.-Ges, 2007; Schimmelpenninck van der Oye D. Russian Orientalism: Asia in the Russian Mind from Peter the Great to the Emigration. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010; Tolz V. Russia’s Own Orient: The Politics of Identity and Oriental Studies in the Late Imperial and Early Soviet Periods. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011; Uyama T. Asiatic Russia: Imperial Power in Regional and International Contexts. London: Routledge, 2012; Campbell E. I. The Muslim Question and Russian Imperial Governance. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2015; Campbell I. W. Knowledge and the Ends of Empire.
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К числу классических дискуссий относятся: Fisher A. W. The Crimean Tatars. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1987. Особенно: P. 49–108; Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855–1914 / Eds E. C. Thaden, M. H. Haltzel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981; Rorlich A.-A. The Volga Tatars: A Profile in National Resilience. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1986; Tatars of the Crimea: Their Struggle for Survival / Ed. E. Allworth. Durham: Duke University Press, 1988. Для более недавних дискуссий см.: Weeks Th. R. Nation and State in Late Imperial Russia: Nationalism and Russification on the Western Frontier, 1863–1914. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1996; Forum: Reinterpreting Russification in Late Imperial Russia // Kritika. 2004. Vol. 5. № 2. P. 245–297; Cерия «Окраины Российской империи» под ред. А. Миллера и др. (М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2006–2008); Ėtkind A. Internal Colonization: Russia’s Imperial Experience. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2011; Kivelson V. A., Suny R. G. Russia’s Empires. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
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Lohr E. Russian Citizenship; Werth P. W. The Tsar’s Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial Russia. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2014.
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Evtuhov C. Portrait of a Russian Province: Economy, Society, and Civilization in Nineteenth-Century Nizhnii Novgorod. Pittsburgh Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011. См. также: Sunderland W. An Empire of Peasants: Empire-Building, Interethnic Interaction, and Ethnic Stereotyping in the Rural World of the Russian Empire, 1800–1850s // Imperial Russia: New Histories for the Empire / Eds J. Burbank, D. L. Ransel. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1998. P. 174–198; Hausmann G. Universität und städtische Gesellschaft in Odessa, 1865–1917: Soziale und nationale Selbstorganisation an der Peripherie des Zarenreiches. Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1998; Yemelianova G. M. Volga Tatars, Russians and the Russian State at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century: Relationships and Perceptions // The Slavonic and East European Review. 1999. Vol. 77. № 3; Gemeinsam getrennt: Bäuerliche Lebenswelten des späten Zarenreiches in multiethnischen Regionen am Schwarzen Meer und an der Wolga / Hrsg. V. Herdt, D. Neutatz.
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Bhat G. N. The Moralization of Guilt in Late Imperial Russian Trial by Jury: The Early Reform Era // Law & History Review. 1997. Vol. 15. № 1. P. 77–113; Frierson C. A. «I Must Always Answer to the Law…»: Rules and Responses in the Reformed Volost’ Court // Slavonic and East European Review. 1997. Vol. 75. № 2. P. 308–334; Popkins G. Code versus Custom? Norms and Tactics in Peasant Volost Court Appeals, 1889–1917 // The Russian Review. 2000. Vol. 59. № 3. P. 408–424; Земцов Л. И. Волостной суд в России. Воронеж: Изд. Воронежского государственного университета, 2002; Burbank J. Russian Peasants Go to Court: Legal Culture in the Countryside, 1905–1917. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2004; Gaudin C. Ruling Peasants: