The business class of high-rise housing can also be characterized as individual structures, depending on the location, and their owners are able to pay almost entirely for such housing or even have several residential properties possibly in different countries. Here already the cost of construction begins to affect the prices, but still the location has a decisive role. Conventionally, we can assume that this is the second line in terms of location. Individual houses of business class are located mostly in elite cottage settlements and are notable for their relatively large area. Such houses are not inexpensive, but are almost always readily available to their owners. They are often built by professional architects.
The comfort class is multistory houses, which are already largely subject to the price of construction. It is designed for a large group of the population, perhaps the largest group. Such housing is often already purchased through mortgages and as a result of changing a smaller apartment to a larger one. Architecturally, these are mass housing projects constructed in neighborhoods of typical or repetitive designs. This is a kind of third line in location, but such houses are also built in quite distant completely comfortable neighborhoods. Individual houses in this category are most likely to have enough space for comfortable living without excesses and with controllable construction and maintenance costs. Architectural solutions of individual houses of this class are most often based on standard designs.
Economy class is already social housing, although it is often purchased with mortgages. In many cases, the location does not matter in this case, and the main goal is to provide affordable housing for those in need. Such houses are often built at the expense of the state. Economy class may be excluded and represented as comfortable housing with simplified finishing. There are no stringent requirements for the architectural appearance of such houses, which require large expenditures. To the individual houses of economy class conditionally can be attributed with minimal space with a variety of individual and typical architecture
This gradation of architectural objects is necessary to determine what share in the construction of housing occupy the mass structures in which their price affects the cost of houses in general. It can be seen that the most tense situation arises in the comfort and economy classes, where the needs of tenants are limited by the cost. The majority of the population, even if the family is provided with housing, does not have enough space, and most owners would like to substantially increase it, but many do not have this financial possibility.
The impact of the cost of land for high-rise construction is so significant that this factor is felt when comparing housing prices in different cities. In large cities it leads to the fact that the cost of construction is practically not decisive. It only affects their outskirts. It gets to the point where the most expensive structures become cost-effective, thanks to the high cost of housing, and pay for themselves in any case. This situation applies not only to elite and business-class houses, but also to the comfort class, so there is absolutely no incentive to reduce the cost of construction.
However, if cities are small or new high-rise areas are built for comfortable and economy-class housing, especially at the expense of the state, the cost factor begins to significantly affect the overall situation. Even in large cities on the outskirts, if there is inexpensive land, reducing the cost, you can provide affordable housing for large segments of the population for whom this is an inaccessible task. In fact, attempts are being made to ration the minimum and maximum area of housing that would make it affordable for residents who buy it on a mortgage or under social programs. Often people get a smaller apartment than they need, but in this way the housing problem is solved. The lack of living space is felt in almost every family, even if they think this problem is solved for them.
The situation with individual construction is simpler, as having a plot of land allows one to build houses with a larger area, sometimes even larger than necessary. Individual construction is significantly affected by climatic conditions. Houses in southern areas at the same cost have a much larger area than houses built in harsher conditions. The necessary infrastructure is also cheaper.
There are two ways to increase the housing stock. The first is the expansion of cities with the construction of new centers of such a level that their significance would be comparable with the existing historical centers. It is desirable that all classes of housing would be represented, and comfort-class and social housing would be built at prices with a minimum construction cost. The second way is the construction of new cities, including million-strong cities, attractive from an urban planning point of view and with a low cost of housing. This would dramatically increase the housing stock and not parasitize on the high cost of housing in the historic development of existing cities.
Conditionally dividing all urban planning objects into two groups, we can determine that the group of public buildings is not necessarily designed in the Cartesian coordinate system, and the group of housing is mainly designed and built in it. Residential buildings in the Cartesian system of coordinates is a well-established centuries-old system, as indicated, justified by the need for division and indissoluble replication of housing cells. Replication in multistory houses is practically possible only simultaneously with the first floors, so in this case only the internal division of areas plays an essential role.
The convenience of the Cartesian coordinate system allows almost anyone to build a dwelling by division and replication even without special education. If it is not done professionally and not quite thought out, such a dwelling can be operated even with domestic difficulties. Almost all people, having certain living cells on their own, and sometimes with the help of professionals, are engaged in division of cells arranging in them the elements of furniture.
As a rule, there are two ways of arranging furniture in rectangular in plan cells. The first, when space is limited, is practically unbreakable division, i.e. a dense layout. The second way is a free layout if there is excess space. Since more often than not there is not enough space, the first method prevails. At the same time, residents face the task of placing the elements in a specific tightly constrained size of the area. We have to choose the size of furniture of appropriate dimensions. There is a system of modules that determine the basic parameters of the equipment, but the construction dimensions may be different and in a dense arrangement of there is a need to reckon with it. Almost all homeowners face this problem.
Thus, the Cartesian coordinate system for small areas, although simple, but poses in most cases difficult division tasks for almost all residents. It is easier to solve everything when there is some excess space, when it is possible to freely arrange the furniture with fewer construction constraints. Spacious homes with some excess space make the task of furnishing and installing appliances much easier. In a sense, small spaces are sometimes attractive because they limit owners’ desire to purchase excessive home furnishings.
Horizontal ceilings are an inviolable element in the construction of multistory houses. It is almost impossible to move away from the need to perform them in the form of flat structures, whether they are girder systems or slabs. In any case, the upper surface must be flat. In the Cartesian coordinate system, residential cells also have flat vertical enclosing structures. Flat wall structures that separate adjacent rooms are almost always the same thickness along the length.
The aesthetic perception of the plane imposes certain requirements on their quality. Such a plane must be so precise, in terms of deviation from ideal dimensions, that it must also be perceived as perfectly flat. In terms of mass construction is an expensive procedure that requires a significant cost, but which is perceived as inevitable. It is exacerbated by the subsequent desire to create multiple layers of high-quality finishes, often including plaster,