9 Part III Essential Concepts in NMR SpectroscopyChapter 8 First-order 1D Spectroscopy8.1 Nomenclature of the Spin System8.2 Peak Shift – the Effect of Chemical Shift8.3 Peak Area – Reflecting the Number of Protons8.4 Peak Splitting – the Consequence of J Coupling8.5 Examples of 1D SpectraChapter 9 Advanced Topics in Spectroscopy9.1 Double Resonance9.2 Dipolar Interaction in a Two-spin System9.3 Magic Angle9.4 Chemical Exchange9.5 Magnetization Transfer9.6 Selective Polarization Inversion/Transfer9.7 Radiation DampingChapter 10 2D NMR Spectroscopy10.1 Essence of 2D NMR Spectroscopy10.2 COSY – Correlation Spectroscopy10.3 J-resolved Spectroscopy10.4 Examples of 2D NMR Spectroscopy
10 Part IV Essential Concepts in MRIChapter 11 Effect of the Field Gradient and k-space Imaging11.1 Spatially Encoding Nuclear Spin Magnetization11.2 k Space in MRI11.3 Mapping of k Space11.4 Gradient EchoChapter 12 Spatial Mapping in MRI12.1 Slice Selection in 2D MRI12.2 Reading a Graphical Imaging Sequence12.3 2D Filtered Back-Projection Reconstruction12.4 2D Fourier Imaging Reconstruction12.5 Sampling Patterns Between the Cartesian and Radial Grids12.6 3D Imaging12.7 Fast Imaging in MRI12.8 Ultra-short Echo and ZTE MRI12.9 MRI in Other Dimensions (4D, 1D, and One Voxel)12.10 Resolution in MRIChapter 13 Imaging Instrumentation and Experiments13.1 Shaped Pulses13.2 The Gradient Units13.3 Instrumentation Configurations for MRI13.4 Imaging Parameters in MRI13.5 Image Processing Software13.6 Best Test Samples for MRI
11 Part V Quantitative and Creative MRIChapter 14 Image Contrast in MRI14.1 Non-trivial Relationship Between Spin Density and Image Intensity14.2 Image Contrast in MRI14.3 How to Obtain Useful Information from Image Contrast?14.4 Magnetization-prepared Sequences in Quantitative MRIChapter 15 Quantitative MRI15.1 Quantitative Imaging of Velocity v and Molecular Diffusion D15.2 Quantitative Imaging of Relaxation Times T1, T2, T1ρ15.3 Quantitative Imaging of Chemical Shift δ15.4 Secondary Image Contrasts in MRI 25915.5 Potential Issues and Practical Strategies in Quantitative MRIChapter 16 Advanced Topics in Quantitative MRI16.1 Anisotropy and Tensor Properties in Quantitative MRI16.2 Multi-Component Nature in Quantitative MRI16.3 Quantitative Phase Information in the FID Data – SWI and QSM16.4 Functional MRI (fMRI)16.5 Optical Pumping and Hyperpolarization in MRIChapter 17 Reading the Binary Data17.1 Formats of Data17.2 Formats of Data Storage17.3 Reading Unknown Binary Data17.4 Examples of Specific Formats
12 Appendices Appendix 1 Background in Mathematics A1.1 Elementary Mathematics A1.2 Fourier Transform Appendix 2 Background in Quantum Mechanics A2.1 Operators A2.2 Expansion of a Wave Function A2.3 Spin Operator I A2.4 Raising and Lowering Operators I+ and I- A2.5 Spin-1/2 Operator (in the Formalism of Pauli’s Spin Matrices) A2.6 Density Matrix Operator ρ Appendix 3 Background in Electronics A3.1 Ohm’s Law for DC and AC Circuits A3.2 Electronics at Radio Frequency Appendix 4 Sample Syllabi for a One-semester Course Appendix 5 Homework Problems
13 Index
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 The resonance phenomenon,...Figure 1.2 The B0 direction in NMR and MRI....Figure 1.3 The positive directions of rotations in...Figure 1.4 The first NMR spectrum of ethanol...Figure 1.5 The first proton NMR image of two tubes of...Figure 1.6 Major conceptual components of NMR and MRI.
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 (a) Moving charges at velocity...Figure 2.2 The application of an external magnetic...Figure 2.4 (a) A single nucleus in an external magnetic...Figure 2.5 Two counter-rotating fields (right)...Figure 2.6 (a) A magnetic moment µ...Figure 2.7 In the rotating frame that has...Figure 2.8 Motion of the magnetization in the...Figure 2.9 The motion of the longitudinal magnetization...Figure 2.10 The motion of the magnitude...Figure 2.11 Two equivalent functions...Figure 2.12 Comparison between a Lorentzian and...Figure 2.13 Fourier transform of (a) a hard...Figure 2.14 (a) and (b) The time-domain NMR...Figure 2.15 (a) A vector M rotates in...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 The quantities in a spin-1/2...Figure 3.2 (a) A precise value of the Zeeman...Figure 3.3 Schematic power spectra of the...Figure 3.4 Schematic log/log trends of relaxation...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 (a) A nuclear spin behaves...Figure 4.2 The application of the external...Figure 4.3 The introduction of the chemical...Figure 4.4 TMS is commonly used as the...Figure 4.5 The scalar interaction arises via...Figure 4.6 The influences of the chemical shift...Figure 4.7 The effect of the J-coupling constant...Figure 4.8 A schematic summary of the...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 A block diagram for an NMR...Figure 5.2 A cut-open vertical-bore...Figure 5.3 Halbach magnet configurations....Figure 5.4 Shimming patterns that make the...Figure 5.5 Basic configurations of rf coils,...Figure 5.6 The rf coil and two capacitors form...Figure 5.7 An NMR spectrometer, where all six...Figure 5.8 The imperfections in the leading and...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 (a) A slightly off-resonance FID...Figure 6.2 (a) A text file for a simple...Figure 6.3 Consequences of under-sampling....Figure 6.4 A spectrum of the ethanol’s triplet....Figure 6.5 The issue of dynamic range in signal...Figure 6.6 Basic relationships in phase cycling,...Figure 6.7 CYCLOPS phase cycling. The size of...Figure 6.8 Improvement of SNR by data accumulation....Figure 6.9 (a) The FID has a finite and constant...Figure 6.10 Sensitivity enhancement by filtering...Figure 6.11 Zero-filling the time-domain data...Figure 6.12 The effect of the zeroth-order phase shift...Figure 6.13 The first-order phase shift...Figure 6.14 Estimation of the SNR from a spectrum...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 (a) A pulse sequence with a...Figure 7.2 The magnetization vectors and...Figure 7.3 (a) An inversion recovery pulse sequence....Figure 7.4 (a) A saturation recovery pulse sequence....Figure 7.5 The cover of the November 1953 issue of...Figure 7.6 Two versions of the spin-echo sequence, which...Figure 7.7 (a) CPMG sequence, which can have a...Figure 7.8 (a) Stimulated echo sequence....Figure 7.9 (a) The T1ρ...Figure