76 76 Berger, A.H. and Pandolfi, P.P. (2011). Cancer susceptibility syndromes. In: DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 8e (ed. V.T. DeVita, T.S. Lawrence and S.A. Rosenberg), 161–172. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Part of Wolters Kluwer Health Adis (ESP).
77 77 Boniol, M., Autier, P., Boyle, P., and Gandini, S. (2012). Cutaneous melanoma attributable to sunbed use: systematic review and meta‐analysis. BMJ 345: e4757.
78 78 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Skin Cancer Prevention Progress Report 2017. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services; 2017.
79 79 Wehner, M.R., Shive, M.L., Chren, M.M. et al. (2012). Indoor tanning and non‐melanoma skin cancer: systematic review and meta‐analysis. BMJ 345: e590.
80 80 Hornung, R.W. (2001). Health effects in underground uranium wminers. Occupational Medicine 16: 331–344.
81 81 Schubauer‐Berigan, M.K., Daniels, R.D., and Pinkerton, L.E. (2009). Radon exposure and mortality among white and American Indian uranium miners: an update of the Colorado Plateau cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology 169: 718–730.
82 82 Falzone, L., Marconi, A., Loreto, C. et al. (2016). Occupational exposure to carcinogens: benzene, pesticides and fibers. Molecular Medicine Reports 14 (5): 4467–4474.
83 83 National Toxicology Program (2016). Coal Tars and Coal‐Tar Pitches, Report on Carcinogens, 14e. Triangle Park, NC: National Institute of Environmental Health and Safety.
84 84 Paghdal, K.V. and Schwartz, R.A. (2009). Topical tar: back to the future. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 61 (2): 294–302.
85 85 Attfield, M.D., Schleiff, P.L., Lubin, J.H. et al. (2012). The diesel exhaust in miners study: a cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 104: 869–883.
86 86 Boffetta, P., Stellman, S.D., and Garfinkel, L. (1988). Diesel exhaust exposure and mortality among males in the American Cancer Society prospective study. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 14: 403–415.
87 87 Frumkin, H. and Thun, M.J. (2001). Diesel exhaust. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 51: 193–198.
88 88 Garshick, E., Schenker, M.B., Muñoz, A. et al. (1987). A case‐control study of lung cancer and diesel exhaust exposure in railroad workers. The American Review of Respiratory Disease 135: 1242–1248.
89 89 Heinrich, U., Muhle, H., Takenaka, S. et al. (1986). Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters, mice, and rats after long‐term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine emissions. Journal of Applied Toxicology 6: 383–395.
90 90 Madden, M.C. (2008). Complex issues with examining diesel exhaust toxicity: is the task getting easier or harder? Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 60: 135–140.
91 91 Mauderly, J.L., Jones, R.K., Griffith, W.C. et al. (1987). Diesel exhaust is a pulmonary carcinogen in rats exposed chronically by inhalation. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 9: 208–221.
92 92 Silverman, D.T., Samanic, C.M., Lubin, J.H. et al. (2012). The diesel exhaust in miners study: a nested case‐control study of lung cancer and diesel exhaust. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 104: 855–868.
93 93 Steenland, K., Silverman, D.T., and Hornung, R.W. (1990). Case‐control study of lung cancer and truck driving in the Teamsters Union. American Journal of Public Health 80: 670–674.
94 94 Steenland, K., Silverman, D.T., and Zaebst, D. (1992). Exposures to diesel exhaust in the trucking industry and possible relationships with lung cancer. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 21: 887–890.
95 95 Vermeulen, R., Silverman, D.T., Garshick, E. et al. (2014). Exposure‐response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts. Environmental Health Perspectives 122: 172–177.
96 96 Vogel, L. (2017). Fracking tied to cancer‐causing chemicals. CMAJ 189 (2): E94–E95.
97 97 Jaklitsch, M.T., Jacobson, F.L., Austin, J.H. et al. (2012). The American Association for thoracic surgery guidelines for lung cancer screening using low‐dose computed tomography scans for lung cancer survivors and other high‐risk groups. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 144: 33–38.
98 98 Markowitz, S.B., Levin, S.M., Miller, A., and Morabia, A. (2013). Asbestos, asbestosis, smoking, and lung cancer. New findings from the North American insulator cohort. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 188: 90–96.
99 99 Hauptmann, M., Stewart, P.A., Lubin, J.H. et al. (2009). Mortality from lymphohematopoietic malignancies and brain cancer among embalmers exposed to formaldehyde. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 101 (24): 1696–1708.
100 100 Hauptmann, M., Lubin, J.H., Stewart, P.A. et al. (2003). Mortality from lymphohematopoietic malignancies among workers in formaldehyde industries. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 95 (21): 1615–1623.
101 101 Beane Freeman, L., Blair, A., Lubin, J.H. et al. (2009). Mortality from lymphohematopoietic malignancies among workers in formaldehyde industries: The National Cancer Institute Cohort. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 101 (10): 751–761.
102 102 Pinkerton, L.E., Hein, M.J., and Stayner, L.T. (2004). Mortality among a cohort of garment workers exposed to formaldehyde: An update. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 61: 193–200.
103 103 Coggon, D., Harris, E.C., Poole, J., and Palmer, K.T. (2003). Extended follow‐up of a cohort of British chemical workers exposed to formaldehyde. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 95 (21): 1608–1615.
104 104 Hauptmann, M., Lubin, J.H., Stewart, P.A. et al. (2004). Mortality from solid cancers among workers in formaldehyde industries. American Journal of Epidemiology 159 (12): 1117–1130.
105 105 Lelieveld, J., Evans, J., Fnais, M. et al. (2015). The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale. Nature 525: 367–371.
106 106 Turner, M.C., Andersen, Z.J., Baccarelli, A. et al. (2020). Outdoor air pollution and cancer: an overview of the current evidence and public health recommendations. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 70: 460–479.
107 107 Stadler, R.H., Blank, I., Varga, N. et al. (2002). Acrylamide from Maillard reaction products. Nature 419 (6906): 449–450.
108 108 Mottram, D.S., Wedzicha, B.L., and Dodson, A.T. (2002). Acrylamide is formed in the Maillard reaction. Nature 419 (6906): 448–449.
109 109 Kita, A., Brathen, E., Knutsen, S.H., and Wicklund, T. (2004). Effective ways of decreasing acrylamide content in potato crisps during processing. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52 (23): 7011–7016.
110 110 Virk‐Baker, M.K., Nagy, T.R., Barnes, S., and Groopman, J. (2014). Dietary acrylamide and human cancer: a systematic review of literature. Nutrition and Cancer 66 (5): 774–790.
111 111 Friedman, M. (2003). Chemistry, biochemistry, and safety of acrylamide. A review. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51 (16): 4504–4526.
112 112 Dearfield, K.L., Abernathy, C.O., Ottley, M.S. et al. (1988). Acrylamide: its metabolism, developmental and reproductive effects, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Mutation Research 195 (1): 45–77.
113 113 Lipworth, L., Sonderman, J.S., Tarone, R.E., and McLaughlin, J.K. (2012). Review of epidemiologic studies of dietary acrylamide intake and the risk of cancer. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 21 (4): 375–386.
114 114 Fennell, T.R. and Friedman, M.A. (2005). Comparison of acrylamide metabolism in humans and rodents. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 561: 109–116.
115 115 Gargas, M.L., Kirman, C.R., Sweeney, L.M., and Tardiff, R.G. (2009). Acrylamide: