Think about your personal investments. Imagine you asked your broker to calculate your return on investment for your portfolio of stocks and bonds. She would tally the dividend and interest payments you received during the year, and then note the increases or decreases in the value of the various stocks and bonds in the portfolio. In other words, she needs to calculate and report both current income plus underlying value changes. The result, when compared to the amount you began the year with, would give you this year's ROI (return on investment). But suppose she chose to ignore any changes in the underlying value of your securities, limiting her analysis solely to dividends and interest. Would you accept this as a legitimate picture of your financial results? No.
Yet this is exactly the way nearly all of today's investors assess the financial performance of the companies they invest in, because this is the only way companies report their results. They count the “dividends” from their customers and ignore any increase (or decrease) in the value of the underlying customer assets. But just as a portfolio of securities is made up of individual stocks and bonds that not only produce dividends and interest but also go up and down in value during the course of the year, a company is, at its roots, a portfolio of customers, who not only buy things from the firm in the current period but also go up and down in value.
Return on investment quantifies how well a firm creates value from a given investment—from the money it uses. But what quantifies how well a company creates value from its customers?34 For this you need the metric of Return on Customer (ROC). The ROC equation has the same form as an ROI equation. ROC equals a firm's current-period cash flow from its customers plus any changes in the underlying customer equity, divided by the total customer equity at the beginning of the period.
Source: Excerpted from Don Peppers and Martha Rogers, Ph.D., Return on Customer (New York: Currency/Doubleday, 2008), pp. 6–7. Return on Customer will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 11.
A customer-strategy enterprise seeks to create one centralized view of each customer across all business units. Every employee who interacts with a customer has to have real-time access to current information about that individual customer so that it is possible to pick up each conversation from where the last one left off. The goal is instant interactivity with the customer. This process can be achieved only through the complete and seamless integration of every enterprise business unit and process.
So far, our discussion of customer relationships, customer experience, and customer value has shown how businesses are undergoing a vast cultural shift—transforming from the mass marketing, product-siloed thinking of the Industrial Age to the customer-empowered culture of the Information Age and the Age of Transparency, where the primary goal is building relationships with individual customers who become measurably more valuable to the enterprise. In this new business era, managing individual customer relationships means an organization will use the knowledge gained from these relationships to improve the quality of the overall customer experience. Consequently, it is incumbent on the enterprise to understand what constitutes a relationship, how relationships are formed, and how they can be strengthened or weakened. Many different perspectives have been developed about what comprises customer relationships and how businesses can profit from them.
By the early 2000s, many companies acknowledged the importance of building relationships with customers—of improving customer experience, taking the customer's point of view, and taking steps to measure and manage customer value. In many cases, companies that had been product-oriented changed their philosophy, their culture, their metrics, and even their organizational structure to put customers at the forefront.
How does a company build a better experience for each customer, keep them longer, get a greater and greater share of their business, and increase their value to the company?
Notes
1 1 Justin M. Lawrence, Andrew T. Crecelius, Lisa K. Scheer, Ashutosh Patil, “Multichannel Strategies for Managing the Profitability of Business-to-Business Customers,” Journal of Marketing Research 56, no. 3 (2019), 479–497, https://doi.org/10.1177/0022243718816952.
2 2 In B. Joseph Pine II, “Customering: The Mindset of a Revolutionary Model,” Strategy & Leadership 47, no. 6 (2019): 2-8, https://doi.org/10.1108/SL-08-2019-0124, Pine describes “customering” as “efficiently serving customers uniquely.””
3 3 Li Chen, Yao Cui, Hau L. Lee, “On-Demand Customization and Channel Strategies” in Saibal Ray and Shuya Yin (eds.), Channel Strategies and Marketing Mix in a Connected World, Springer Series in Supply Chain Management, volume 9 (Springer, 2020), pp. 165–192; Ruchi Chauhan, Varun Kumar, Tapas Kumar Jana, and Arunava Majumder, “A Modified Customization Strategy in a Dual-Channel Supply Chain Model with Price-Sensitive Stochastic Demand and Distribution-Free Approach,” Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021, Article ID 5549882, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5549882; Kevin Maney and Hemant Taneja, “The End of Scale,” Harvard Business Review, April 1, 2018, available at https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/the-end-of-scale/, accessed August 26, 2021. See also Hyun-Hwa Lee and Eunyoug Chang, “Consumer Attitudes toward Online Mass Customization: An Application of Extended Technology Acceptance Model,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 16, no. 2 (January 2011).
4 4 Seyit Hocuk, Pradeep Kumar, Joris Mulder, Patricia Prufer, “Economies of Scope in the Aggregation of Health-Related Data,” JRC Working Papers on Digital Economy 2021-01, Joint Research Centre (Seville site), available at https://ideas.repec.org/p/ipt/decwpa/202101.html, accessed October 18, 2021; Don Peppers and Martha Rogers, The One-to-One Future (New York: Crown, 1997). Having economies of scale makes it cheaper to make and sell things in the traditional Industrial-Age way. But the current competitive strategy is economies of scope—of information about each customer.
5 5 Harvard Business Review Analytic Services, “The Age of Personalization: Crafting a Finer Edge,” Pulse Survey, August 2018, available at https://hbr.org/resources/pdfs/comm/mastercard/TheAgeOfPersonalization.pdf, accessed June 28, 2021; Pedro S. Coelho and Jörg Henseler, “Creating Customer Loyalty through Service Customization,” European Journal of Marketing 46, no. 3/4 (2012): 332–356; Pine, Peppers, and Rogers, “Do You Want to Keep Your Customers Forever?” pp. 103–104.
6 6 Thomas L. Friedman, “And Now for a Bit of Good News …,” Sunday Review, New York Times, July 19, 2014, available at https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/20/opinion/sunday/thomas-l-friedman-and-now-for-a-bit-of-good-news.html, accessed August 17, 2021.
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