9 Part IV: Beginner's Guide 17 Basics and Fundamentals of X‐Rays 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Different X‐Ray Excitation Sources 17.3 X‐Ray Detectors 17.4 X‐Ray Absorption and Scattering 17.5 Quantization and Detection Limits of X‐Ray Fluorescence 17.6 Preventive Measures References 18 General Principle, Procedures and Detectors of X‐Ray Fluorescence 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Basic Principle of X‐Ray Fluorescence 18.3 Small Spot Instruments and Micro‐XRF 18.4 Different X‐Ray Optics Configurations for Elemental Imaging in 2D/3D Using μ‐XRF 18.5 Conclusion References 19 Quantitative Analysis in X‐Ray Fluorescence System 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Components for the X‐Ray Spectrometry 19.3 Analytical Methods in X‐Ray Fluorescence 19.4 Concluding Remarks References 20 Electronics and Instrumentation for X‐Ray Fluorescence 20.1 Introduction 20.2 X‐Ray Sources 20.3 Solid‐State Detectors 20.4 Silicon Drift Detector 20.5 Noise and Readout Electronics 20.6 Signal Processing 20.7 Combination with Other Techniques 20.8 Conclusions References
10
Part V: Application to Biological Samples
21 Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Biological Materials
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Theoretical Basics of EDXRF
21.3 EDXRF Instrumentation
21.4 Quantification of EDXRF Spectra
21.5 Sampling and Sample Preparation
21.6 Case Studies
Acknowledgements
References
22 X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Milk and Dairy Products
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Conventional XRF
22.3 Total‐reflection X‐Ray Fluorescence
Acknowledgements
References
23 X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Medicinal Plants
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Issues Highlighted in Publications
23.3 XRF Specifications Used in Analysis of Medicinal Plants and Medicines
23.4 Procedures of Plant Sample Preparation
23.5 Interelement Effects, Account Ways
23.6 WDXRF Analysis of Siberian Violets
23.7 Concluding Remarks
References
24 X‐Ray Fluorescence Studies of Animal and Human Cell Biology
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Applications of XRF in Cell Biology
24.3 Conclusion
References
25 Toxic and Essential Elemental Studies of Human Organs Using X‐Ray Fluorescence
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Intracellular Trace Elements
25.3 Major Elements
25.4