Liquid Crystal Displays. Ernst Lueder

system consisting of an LCD and the human vision system (HVS).This figure was reproduced from Pan, H. et al., SID06, p. 1704 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 14.84 Temporal impulse response h_t(t) of an ideal LCDFigure 14.85 Temporal step response a_t(t) of an ideal LCDFigure 14.86 Spatial impulse response of a moving picture on the retinaFigure 14.87 Spatial step response of a moving picture on the retina versus a spatial coordinate x and a temporal coordinate x/υFigure 14.88 Optical step response of a pixel in an LCDFigure 14.89 The window of integration in Equation (14.131)Figure 14.90 The normalized luminance u_s(x/v) on the retina and the blurred edge time BETFigure 14.91

of g(t) in Figure 14.90Figure 14.92 The normalized responses u_t(t) of an LCD to the input functions g(t) in Figure 14.91Figure 14.93 The rectangle needed for the integration in Equation (14.136)Figure 14.94 Fourier-transform of curves in Figure 14.92Figure 14.95 Director field with angle Θ, coordinate z and voltage V as well as field E across the cellFigure 14.96 Waveform for fast addressingFigure 14.97 Blocks of rows for addressing with V_b and V_dFigure 14.98 (a)–(d) Oscillograms of voltages and luminances for four values of V_d using two column voltagesFigure 14.99 The addressing circuit within a pixelFigure 14.100 (a)–(d) Oscillograms of voltages and luminances for four values of V_d using a circuit within a pixel

      14 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Cross-section of a p-channel and n-channel poly-Si TFTFigure 15.2 Fabrication steps of a top-gate poly-Si TFTFigure 15.3 V_th dependent on the dose of B doping in the channels of n-channel and p-channel poly-Si TFTs. Reproduced from Iberaki, 1999 with permission of John Wiley & Sons.Figure 15.4 Transfer characteristics of n- and p-channel poly-Si TFTs. Reproduced from Iberaki, 1999 with permission of John Wiley & Sons.Figure 15.5 Fabrication steps of a bottom-gate poly-Si TFTFigure 15.6 Grain with super lateral growth region dependent on the scanning laser doseFigure 15.7 Grain size with super lateral growth region dependent on large area laser doseFigure 15.8 REM photograph of grain size after four large area laser shotsFigure 15.9 The reflow method for generating LDD and n+ areas: (a) implantation before and (b) after reflow of photoresistFigure 15.10 Implantation with an anodized Ta mask (a) for contacts and (b) with Ta₂O₅ etched off for LDDFigure 15.11 Oblique implantation for LDD and contacts simultaneouslyFigure 15.12 The Lateral Body Terminal (LBT) for the reduction of the kink currentFigure 15.13 The circuit concept for a 202 dpi display with poly-Si drivers on glass and further ICs on an external circuit boardFigure 15.14 The circuit concept of a high-resolution displayFigure 15.15 Circuit diagram of a 6-bit poly-Si data driverFigure 15.16 A 5-bit D/A converter with γ correction in poly-Si technology

      15 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Cross-section of LCOS addressing devicesFigure 16.2 Pixel FET_S and storage capacitor C_G of an LCOS arrayFigure 16.3 The time slots for a pixel with 5-bit grey shades. Numbers ν on top indicate weight 2^ν of a bit; numbers s below indicate if SRAM number 1 or number 2 feeds in the informationFigure 16.4 Block parallel addressing with four blocks and the time slots for 5-bit grey shades in each blockFigure 16.5 Digital block addressing in which SRAM outputs are required at different timesFigure 16.6 Addressing of two subpixels with area ratio 8 : 1Figure 16.7 An SRAM cellFigure 16.8 The components of a virtual display, (a) with the optic of a magnifying glass, and (b) with the optic derived from a microscope

      16 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 The capacitor structure of a MIMFigure 17.2 The I_MIM − V_MIM characteristicsFigure 17.3 The log

characteristicsFigure 17.4 The addressing of pixels in one line at a time by MIMsFigure 17.5 The line selection voltage for MIM addressingFigure 17.6 The transmission versus voltage curve of an LCD and the voltages V_th, V′_s and V_satFigure 17.7 Capacitive couplings in a MIM-driven displayFigure 17.8 A two-mask fabrication of Ta₂O₅ MIMs with self-aligned ITO top electrodeFigure 17.9 I_MIM − V_MIM characteristic for MIMs with ITO, Ta and Al as top electrode (as indicated in the legend)Figure 17.10 A back-to-back pair of MIMsFigure 17.11 Characteristics of MIMs with SiN_x as a dielectric in comparison to those with a Ta₂O₅ dielectricFigure 17.12 The pixel layout of a MIM display

      17 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Liquid crystal pixels addressed by a diode ringFigure 18.2 The optical image converter with an optical receiver on the right and an optical output LCD on the leftFigure 18.3 The light source and reflected light at the output of the image converterFigure 18.4 Equivalent circuit of the image converter in Figure 18.2Figure 18.5 A Plasma Addressed Liquid Crystal (PALC) displayFigure 18.6 Operation of the plasma switch (a) after ignition of the plasma and (b) after the subsequent grounding of the cathodeFigure 18.7 A laser-addressed LCDFigure 18.8 An electron-beam addressed LCD

      18 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Arrangement of colour pixels (a) in triangles, (b) in stripes, and (c) on diagonalsFigure 19.2 Cross-section of a pixellized colour filterFigure 19.3 Fabrication of a photosensitive pigment dispersed colour filterFigure 19.4 Transmittance of pigment dispersed colour filters. Thickness: R = 1.1 μ, G = 1.14 μ, B 1.22 μFigure 19.5 Chromaticity of pigment dispersed colour filtersFigure 19.6 Cross-section of dichroic filters for various coloursFigure 19.7 Transmittance of dichroic colour filters for R, G and BFigure 19.8 Cross-section of a blue LED chip. This figure was reproduced from Shibata, N., Asia Display IDW 01, p.1038 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.9 Series of layers in a multiple quantum well (MQW)Figure 19.10 Emission spectrum of a blue LED. This figure was reproduced from Shibata, N., Asia Display IDW 01, p.1038 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.11 Colour gamut for R, G, B LEDs and for a CRT. This figure was reproduced from Shibata, N., Asia Display IDW 01, p.1038 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.12 Shift of the chromaticity variables x and y versus the dc forward current I. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., SID 08 Seminar, p. M-6/16 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.13 Shift of the dominant wavelength λ_d versus the ambient temperature T_amb. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., ADEAC 05, p. 26 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.14 Decrease of luminous flux Φ_amb versus ambient temperature T_amb. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., ADEAC 05, p. 26 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.15 LED with enhanced upward emission of light. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., JSID 08, 16/2, p.292 with permission by the Journal of the Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.16 (a)–(c) Processing steps for a flip-chip assembly for improved cooling of an LED chip. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., SID 08 Seminar, p. M-6/9 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.17 (a) Generation of white from a blue LED and yellow from phosphor; (b) the white spectrum obtained. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., SID 08 Seminar, p. M-6/7 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.18 Colour mixing of the light of three LEDs in a mixing light guide. This figure was reproduced from Martynov, Y. et al., SID03, p. 1259with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.19 Spectrum of a white LED with optimized placement of red at 625 nm, green at 533 nm and blue at 450 nm. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., SID 05 Seminar, p. M-11/9 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.20 Transmission of a typical colour LCD. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., SID 05 Seminar, p. M-11/8 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.21 Emission spectrum of a yellow phosphor-coated white LED. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., SID 05 Seminar, p. M-11/9 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.22 White spectrum of a triband phosphor fluorescent lamp. This figure was reproduced from Anandan, M., SID 05 Seminar, p. M-11/10 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.23 Transmission of R, G,BLEDs and CCFLs after the colour filters versus colour gamut in percentage NTSC. This figure was reproduced from Folkerts, W., SID 04, p. 1227 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 19.24 (a) The strips of LEDs in the back plane