Biochemistry For Dummies. John T. Moore

Hooking Up: Protein Synthesis Variation in Eukaryotic Cells

      10  Part 6: The Part of Tens Chapter 18: Ten Great Applications of Biochemistry Ames Test Pregnancy Testing HIV Testing Breast Cancer Testing Prenatal Genetic Testing PKU Screening Genetically Modified Foods Genetic Engineering Cloning Gene-Replacement Therapy Chapter 19: Ten Biochemistry Careers Research Assistant Nanotechnologist Quality Control Analyst Clinical Research Associate Technical Writer Biochemical Development Engineer Forensic Scientist Patent Attorney Pharmaceutical Sales Representative Biostatistician

      11  Index

      12  About the Authors

      13  Advertisement Page

      14  Connect with Dummies

      15  End User License Agreement

      List of Tables

      1 Chapter 2TABLE 2-1 The pH Scale and the Associated Hydrogen Ion ConcentrationTABLE 2-2 The K_a Values for Biologically Important Acids

      2 Chapter 3TABLE 3-1 Possible Bonds of Carbon and Selected NonmetalsTABLE 3-2 Acid-Base Properties of Biologically Important Functional Groups

      3 Chapter 4TABLE 4-1 pK_a Values for the Amino Acids

      4 Chapter 6TABLE 6-1 Six Basic Types of EnzymesTABLE 6-2 Some Possible Types of Oxidation and Reduction ReactionsTABLE 6-3 Idealized Kinetics Data

      5 Chapter 8TABLE 8-1 Common Fatty Acids

      6 Chapter 12TABLE 12-1 Relationships between

and KTABLE 12-2 Energy Released

by Some High-Energy MoleculesTABLE 12-3 ATP Yield for Each Step in the Metabolism of GlucoseTABLE 12-4 ATP Yield for Each Step in the Metabolism of Stearic Acid

      7 Chapter 13TABLE 13-1 Some Physiological Reduction Potentials (E’°)TABLE 13-2 Essential and Nonessential Amino Acids

      8 Chapter 14TABLE 14-1 Ten Enzymes Necessary for Inosine SynthesisTABLE 14-2 Glucogenic and Ketogenic Amino AcidsTABLE 14-3 Essential and Nonessential Amino Acids

      9 Chapter 15TABLE 15-1 Some Genetic Diseases in Humans

      10 Chapter 16TABLE 16-1 The Standard Genetic Code

      11 Chapter 17TABLE 17-1 Base-Pairing Rules for the Wobble Hypothesis

      List of Illustrations

      1 Chapter 1FIGURE 1-1: Simplified prokaryotic cell.FIGURE 1-2: Simplified illustration of an animal cell.FIGURE 1-3: Simplified illustration of a plant cell.

      2 Chapter 2FIGURE 2-1: Structure of a water molecule.FIGURE 2-2: Structure of a typical amphipathic (both water-loving and water-hat...FIGURE 2-3: Structure of a micelle, composed of amphipathic molecules, with the...

      3 Chapter 3FIGURE 3-1: Top: straight chain hydrocarbon expanded and condensed. Middle: bra...FIGURE 3-2: Examples of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons.FIGURE 3-3: Oxygen- and sulfur-containing functional groups.FIGURE 3-4: Some nitrogen-containing functional groups.FIGURE 3-5: Phosphorous-containing functional groups.FIGURE 3-6: Acetals, hemiacetals, hemiketals, and ketals.FIGURE 3-7: Cis and trans isomers.FIGURE 3-8: The structure of glucose, a sugar with four chiral carbon atoms.FIGURE 3-9: The construction of a Fischer projection.FIGURE 3-10: Fischer projection formulas distinguish stereoisomers.

      4 Chapter 4FIGURE 4-1: A zwitterion’s formation.FIGURE 4-2: (a) zwitterion form, (b) protonated form, and (c) deprotonated form...FIGURE 4-3: Different ways of drawing the Fischer projections of the amino acid...FIGURE 4-4: Nonpolar amino acids.FIGURE 4-5: Polar amino acids.FIGURE 4-6: Acidic amino acids.FIGURE 4-7: Basic amino acids.FIGURE 4-8: Two of the less common amino acids.FIGURE 4-9: Joining two cysteine molecules to form cystine.FIGURE 4-10: The formation of a peptide bond.FIGURE 4-11: Resonance stabilization of a peptide bond.FIGURE 4-12: A tripeptide.

      5 Chapter 5FIGURE 5-1: Repeating sequence of the protein backbone.FIGURE 5-2: Structure of bovine insulin.FIGURE 5-3: Hydrogen bonding between two peptide bonds.FIGURE 5-4: The generic structure of an

-helix with its corresponding ribbon d...FIGURE 5-5: Parallel and antiparallel

-pleated sheet structures.FIGURE 5-6: Some tertiary structures appearing in proteins.

      6 Chapter 6FIGURE 6-1: General form, unbalanced, of two transferase catalyzed reactions.FIGURE 6-2: General form of two hydrolase catalyzed reactions.FIGURE 6-3: General form of two lyase catalyzed reactions.FIGURE 6-4: Examples of isomerase reactions catalyzed by a racemase and an epim...FIGURE 6-5: Reactions illustrating the action of the ligases pyruvate carboxyla...FIGURE 6-6: The Lock and Key Model of enzyme catalysis.FIGURE 6-7: The Induced-Fit Model of enzyme catalysis.FIGURE 6-8: Effect of an enzyme on a reaction.FIGURE 6-9: Plot of reaction rate, V, versus substrate concentration, [substrat...FIGURE 6-10: A Lineweaver-Burk plot.FIGURE 6-11: A Woolf plot.FIGURE 6-12: An Eadie-Hofstee plot.FIGURE 6-13: A Lineweaver-Burk plot indicating noncompetitive inhibition.FIGURE 6-14: A Lineweaver-Burk plot indicating competitive inhibition.

      7 Chapter 7FIGURE 7-1: The relationship between the three-dimensional structure around a c...FIGURE 7-2: Structure of D-glucose.FIGURE 7-3: Structures of