List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1. Components of the smart grid
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. The methodological approach of smart technologiesFigure 2.2. The methodology of implemented workFigure 2.3. Early design phases impact on performance, costs, and disruption (w...Figure 2.4. Traditional versus Integrated PlanningFigure 2.5. Overview of the ID processFigure 2.6. Timeframe of ID related tasks (www.integrateddesign.eu)Figure 2.7. The three-level-model for ID-related remuneration of design works (...Figure 2.8. Location of Tombazis office building (red) and city center (blue)Figure 2.9. a) The block of buildings that includes the Tombazis building (left...Figure 2.10. Artificial pool, sculpture, and entrance to the Tombazis buildingFigure 2.11. Interior spacesFigure 2.12. a) Natural and b) artificial lightingFigure 2.13. Location of APIVITA building (red) and city center (blue)Figure 2.14. APIVITA interior spaceFigure 2.15. Plantation in the area of APIVITA buildingFigure 2.16. Location of the SNFCC (in blue)Figure 2.17. The Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center and Park © Yiorgis...Figure 2.18. The design of the operaFigure 2.19. The design of the library buildingFigure 2.20. The canopy roofFigure 2.21. a) Location of Karelas Office Park; b) green rooftop of the buildi...Figure 2.22. Façade movable shading devicesFigure 2.23. Building atrium for natural day-lighting (left), atrium façade bam...Figure 2.24. Roof gardenFigure 2.25. Central solar thermal system
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Energy signature, conceptual schemaFigure 3.2. Athalassa campus and energy grid schemeFigure 3.3. Fresnel and thermal loop TRNSYS modelFigure 3.4. Simulation model versus data driven model of the NTLFigure 3.5. Flow chartFigure 3.6. NTL power demandFigure 3.7. ETL procedureFigure 3.8. Re-sampling algorithmFigure 3.9. Selected datasetFigure 3.10. Training and test datasetFigure 3.11. Selected dataset after the ETL procedureFigure 3.12. Linear regression model with a scatter plot of training dataFigure 3.13. Two variables linear regression model with scatter plot of trainin...Figure 3.14. Three variables linear regression model with scatter plot of train...Figure 3.15. Ridge second order degree regression model with scatter plot of tr...Figure 3.16. Ridge second order degree regression model with a scatter plot of ...Figure 3.17. Second order ridge regression model with scatter plot of training ...Figure 3.18. NTL buildingFigure 3.19. Linear Fresnel solar collectorFigure 3.20. Different wall structures and materials applied in the NTL buildin...Figure 3.21. Layout of the SHC (solar heating and cooling) system and integrati...Figure 3.22. Categorized electrical energy consumption [kWh, %] of the NTL in 2...Figure 3.23. Histogram of monthly thermal energy gained by the LFR system and m...Figure 3.24. Histogram of monthly thermal energy gained by the LFR system and m...Figure 3.25. NTL monthly thermal demand covered by the SHC system in Scenario 1Figure 3.26. NTL monthly thermal demand covered by the SHC system in Scenario 2
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Total energy (excluding lighting) for the three roomsFigure 4.2. Total illuminance for the three roomsFigure 4.3. Box plots for a) temperature and b) relative humidity of the three ...Figure 4.4. CO2 concentrations in the three roomsFigure 4.5. Lecture theater on a day with high occupancyFigure 4.6. Energy consumption levels in lecture theater with respect to occupa...Figure 4.7. Illuminance levels in lecture theater with respect to occupancyFigure 4.8. Scatter plot of CO2 levels vs energy consumption for a specific day...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. The SDE 3 buildingFigure 5.2. The entrance and front elevation of SDE 3Figure 5.3. The position of sensors on the 1st floor of SDE 3Figure 5.4. The position of sensors on the 2nd floor of SDE 3Figure 5.5. The position of sensors on the 3rd floor of SDE 3Figure 5.6. The position of sensors on the 4th floor of SDE 3Figure 5.7. The energy consumption of the SDE 3 building during April and May ...Figure 5.8. The power loads histogram (excluding zero values)Figure 5.9. The energy loads per month for April (top) and May (bottom) 2016Figure 5.10. The air temperature of 1st floor time seriesFigure 5.11. The relative humidity time seriesFigure 5.12. The time series of CO2 concentration measurementsFigure 5.13. The time series of illuminance measurements (lux)Figure 5.14. The discomfort index for the 1st floorFigure 5.15. The discomfort index for all floorsFigure 5.16. The PMV and PPD index of the ID_18 room on April 11, 2016Figure 5.17. The PMV and PPD index of the ID_45 room on April 11, 2016Figure 5.18. The PMV and PPD index of the ID_42 room on April 11, 2016Figure 5.19. The PMV and PPD index of the ID_43 room on April 11, 2016Figure 5.20. Cross correlation between indoor air temperature and power loads f...Figure 5.21. Cross correlation between relative humidity and power loads for th...Figure 5.22. Cross correlation between relative humidity and temperature for th...Figure 5.23. The prediction of outdoor temperature 24 hours ahead using NARXFigure 5.24. The prediction of outdoor relative humidity 24 hours aheadFigure 5.25. The prediction of power loads 24 hours ahead for case 1Figure 5.26. The prediction of power loads for case 2Figure 5.27. The phases of integrated energy management system implementationFigure 5.28. The HVAC system of TUCFigure 5.29. The CS NET WEBFigure 5.30. a) The conventional architecture of the energy management, b) the ...Figure 5.31. The communication protocols among the various componentsFigure 5.32. The installation of the multi-purpose controller
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1. Outline of the study methodologyFigure 6.2. Location of the Loccioni Leaf LabFigure 6.3. Office spaces considered for the study and location of monitoring e...Figure 6.4. Screenshot of MyLeaf platformFigure 6.5. Testing of the Right-Now survey (general statistics)Figure 6.6. Testing of the Right-Now survey (individual responses)Figure 6.7. Internal and external temperature diurnal variation between 22/07/2...Figure 6.8. Location of the MyLeaf sensors in the studied spacesFigure 6.9. Difference between maximum and minimum sensor reading for matched r...Figure 6.10. Average room temperature in different office spaces and different ...Figure 6.11. Frequency distribution diagrams for the Comfort Meter measured par...Figure 6.12. MyLeaf and Comfort Meter measured air temperatures for matched res...Figure 6.13. Thermal sensation votes (total sample)Figure 6.14. Thermal sensation in different office spaces and different times o...Figure 6.15. Acceptability of the thermal sensation (total sample)Figure 6.16. Acceptability of thermal conditions in different office spaces and...Figure 6.17. Preference for change in thermal sensation (total sample)Figure 6.18. Thermal sensation preference in different office spaces and differ...Figure 6.19. Thermal comfort per gender (total sample)Figure 6.20. Thermal comfort per time seated (total sample)Figure 6.21. Thermal comfort per desk location (total sample)Figure 6.22. Mean thermal sensation and average internal temperature for differ...Figure 6.23. Mean thermal sensation and average internal temperature for differ...Figure 6.24. Mean thermal sensation and average internal temperature for differ...Figure 6.25. Mean thermal sensation and average internal temperature for differ...Figure 6.26. Objective and subjective concurrent measurements of thermal sensat...Figure 6.27. Boxplots with average internal temperature vs. a) acceptability (l...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1. Objectives of this studyFigure 7.2. The Leaf HouseFigure 7.3. Location of the Leaf House (Google maps)Figure 7.4. The Leaf HouseFigure 7.5. The control room in the Leaf HouseFigure 7.6. Summary of the main topics discussed at the focus groupFigure 7.7. The topics covered in the questionnaireFigure 7.8. Demographics, socioeconomic backgroundFigure 7.9. Physiological, social and behavioral aspectsFigure 7.10. Information levelFigure 7.11. Health and comfortFigure 7.12. Living situation
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1. The energy storage systems categoriesFigure 8.2. Thermal properties of sensible heat materials (Li 2016; Kalogirou ...Figure 8.3. The Leaf Community smart gridFigure 8.4. System architectureFigure 8.5. Thermal storage – ground source heat pumps (GSHP) connection schem...Figure 8.6. The batteries storage system in the Leaf CommunityFigure 8.7. TES charging during weekends and temperature of thermal energy stor...Figure 8.8. Thermal power exchange with the leaf microgridFigure 8.9. Peak shaving of microgrid using BESFigure 8.10. Peak shaving strategyFigure 8.11. Performance of self-consumptionFigure 8.12. The poly-generative system outlineFigure 8.13. The layout of the