182 173
183 174
184 175
185 176
186 177
187 178
188 179
189 180
190 181
191 182
192 183
193 184
194 185
195 186
196 187
197 188
198 189
199 190
200 191
201 192
202 193
203 194
204 195
205 197
206 198
207 199
208 200
Step‐by‐Step Design of Large‐Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants
Davood Naghaviha
Daneshmand Engineers Co.
Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Hassan Nikkhajoei
United Globe Engineering Inc
Thornhill, ON, Canada
Houshang Karimi
Polytechnique Montreal
Montreal, QC, Canada
This edition first published 2022 © 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Davood Naghaviha, Hassan Nikkhajoei, and Houshang Karimi to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
Editorial Office 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data applied for:
ISBN: 9781119736561
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Images: © chapin31/Getty Images; © Ali Kahfi/Getty Images
This book is dedicated to all engineers and experts who practice in the field of photovoltaic power plants and to our families: Naghaviha’s parents; Mina, Kayhan, Nikan and Behrad Nikkhajoei; Karimi’s family.
Preface
The sun is the greatest source of energy and the root of other energy types. This fireball, the sun, was created about 4.603 billion years ago. Every second 2.4 million tons of the sun's mass is converted into energy. Solar energy can directly or indirectly be converted to other forms of energy, such as heat and electricity. Solar energy is used for water heating, space heating, drying of agricultural products, and electricity generation. The main obstacles to the use of solar energy include its intermittency and wide distribution.
Since the beginning of the past decade, the solar energy industry has grown up rapidly. The rapid growth has happened due to the advancement in the solar panel and inverter technology and the decrease of the solar equipment costs. The solar energy industry growth has been happening since a decade ago to address the world energy needs and to replace the conventional power plants. The fossil‐fueled and atomic power plants have created environmental disasters by daily emission of tremendous amounts of carbon.
To provide sufficient supply for the global energy consumption, a cumulative amount of 18 TW of photovoltaic power plants should be installed. This means the solar energy industry has a long way to reach to a point where at least 10% of the world energy consumption is generated by solar plants. As statistics shows, by the end of 2020, the installed capacity of world photovoltaic plants has reached to more than 751 GW. This indicates an increase of about 18.5% from the total of 634 GW solar plants that had been installed by the end of 2019.
Due to the increasing number of photovoltaic (PV) plant installations, there is a higher demand for feasibility studies and detailed designs of large‐scale PV power plants (LS‐PVPPs). It is necessary to do the feasibility study and detailed design using a systematic and organized method. This book provides step‐by‐step design of large‐scale PV plants by a systematic and organized method. Numerous block diagrams, flow charts, and illustrations are presented to demonstrate how to do the feasibility study and detailed design of PV plants through