Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications. Группа авторов. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

Автор: Группа авторов
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
Серия:
Жанр произведения: Физика
Год издания: 0
isbn: 9781119818793
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1. Pb/ZnIn2S4, TiO2 2. TiO2 3. In2S3 4. CdS/CdOx 5. Pt/ZnS-ZnIn2S4 6. Mesoporous graphitic nitride 7. Carbazolic copolymers 8. Ligand-controlled CdS Quantum Dots 9. Ir(ppy)2(bpy)-MCFs 10. CuOx/CeO2/A-NTs 11. g-C3N4 12. Au-HYT 13. Ag-P25 14. Ru-LaFeO3/Fe2O3 15. NiO/NaTaO3 16. CoPz/g-C3N4 17. Nb2O5 18. WO3/g-C3N4 19. Sn-Beta zeolite 20. Acid hydrolysate 21. TiO2/Pt 22. La/TiO2 23. Pt-F-TiO2 24. Cr/TiO2/zeolite 25. Rh/TiO2 26. Heterostructured CdS/MoS2 27. Ru-LaFeO3/Fe2O3 28. Pt/Al2O3 and Pd/Al2O3 29. ZnO-ZnS/graphene 30. Sn-Beta zeolite

      1 1. Light intensity: Intensity of incident solar radiation is an important parameter in any photocatalytic reaction because the rate of reaction is totally dependent on the absorption of the photocatalyst so that the degradation rate can be increased with the increase in light intensity.

      2 2. Nature of the photocatalyst: Nature of photocatalyst should be adaptable to oxidation reactions. For the absorption of light radiation, the different morphologies of photocatalysts are required for higher activity and stability.

      3 3. Concentration of the substrate: The concentration of a substrate is an essential parameter which is going to be of use in any photocatalytic reaction. Purity and adequate concentration is required to perform such reactions to avoid the wastage of materials.

      4 4. Concentration of photocatalysts: Normally, optimum concentration of photocatalyst is decided after necessary enumeration to avoid the excess of the catalyst so that absorption of enough photons can be possible to carry out a successful photochemical reaction.

      5 5. pH: The knowledge about the effect of pH in any photocatalytic reaction is beneficial to carry out the photochemical reaction because pH controls the surface charge properties of the photocatalysts.

      6 6. Reaction temperature: Temperature plays an important role in the reaction rate of a photocatalytic reaction for the conversion of organic substances. It is evident from the literature that photocatalytic activity is directly affected by the reaction temperature because the increase in temperature raises the chances of recombination of charge carriers and desorption of adsorbed materials which inturn decrease in the photocatalytic activity.

      1.3.4 Characterization Tests

      There are some requirements to fulfill these strageies for the fabrication of any photocatalyst [15]:

      1 Enable the catalysts to absorb maximum solar spectrum,

      2 Separate or prevent the photoexcited charges,

      3 Making tuning band gap to get enough energy for initiating the required reactions,

      4 Modification in catalyst to get better stability,

      5 Making catalyst to reusable,

      6 Minimizing photocatalyst cost.


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S. no. Characterization tests
1. Elemental composition
(i) Chemical composition
(a) Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
(b) Electron energy-loss spectroscopy
(c) High-angle annular dark-field imaging
(ii) Chemical state and structure
(a) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
(b)