For American industry, EPA has obviously extended knowledge and skill requirements regarding hazard analysis techniques.
1.10 The Chemical Industry – The Extensive Body of Information
Completing hazards analyses was a common practice in the chemical industry many years before requirements for them were established by OSHA and EPA. Although the body of knowledge in the chemical industry on hazard analysis is extensive, reference will be made here to only one publication because of its particular significant.
The Center For Chemical Process Safety is a part of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. One of its books is titled Guidelines For Hazard Evaluation Procedures, Second Edition With Worked Examples. Publication of the text by a chemically oriented group should not dissuade those who want an education in the following evaluation techniques. Their descriptions are generic.
Safety Review
Checklist Analysis
Relative Ranking
Preliminary Hazard Analysis
What‐If analysis
What‐If Checklist Analysis
Hazard and Operability Analysis
Fault Tree Analysis
Event Tree Analysis
Cause‐Consequence Analysis
Human Reliability Analysis
These techniques are dealt with broadly in the Guidelines within chapters titled “Overview of Hazard Evaluation Techniques” and “Using Hazard Evaluation Techniques.”
1.11 Conclusion
The message is clear. Including provisions requiring hazards analyses and risk assessments in safety standards and guidelines has become ordinary. It is logical to assume that this trending will continue and that safety professionals will be expected to have the knowledge and skill necessary to give counsel on applying those provisions. Emphasis on practical applications of risk assessments is key.
References
1 ANSI B11.0‐2020: Safety of Machinery. B11Standards, POB 690905, Houston, TX 77269, USA, 2020.
2 ANSI/ASSP Z10 – 2019 (2019). Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems. Park Ridge, IL: American Society of Safety Professionals.
3 ANSI/ASSP Z590.3 – 2011 (2011). American National Standard: Prevention through Design: Guidelines Addressing Occupational Hazards and Risks in Design and Redesign Processes. Park Ridge, IL: American Society of Safety Professionals (R2016).
4 ANSI/ASSP Z690 Series (2011). Risk Assessment Techniques. Park Ridge, IL: American Society of Safety Professionals.
5 ANSI/ASSP/ISO 45001 – 2018 (2018). Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems – Requirements with Guidance for Use. Park Ridge, IL: American Society of Safety Professionals.
6 ASSP Risk Assessment Institute and Committee. https://www.assp.org/advocacy/risk‐assessment‐committee
7 Bureau of Labor Statistics Reports on Occupational Fatalities, 2003 through 2016. Washington, DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics.
8 En ISO 12100‐2010 (2010). Safety of Machinery. General Principles for Design. Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization.
9 EPA: Risk Management Programs for Chemical Accidental Release Prevention. http://www.epa.gov/emergencies/content/lawsregs/rmpover.htm
10 EXXONMOBIL’S OIMS. https://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/energy‐and‐environment/tools‐and‐processes/risk‐management‐and‐safety/operations‐integrity‐management‐system (accessed May 2020).
11 Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures, Second Edition with Worked Examples. New York: Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1992.
12 ISO 12100‐1 (2003). Safety of Machinery – Basic Concepts, General Principles for Design; Part 1. Basic Terminology, Methodology. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization.
13 ISO 12100‐2 (2003). Safety of Machinery – Basic Concepts, General Principles for Design; Part 2. Technical Principles and Specifications. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization.
14 ISO 14121 (1999). Safety of Machinery – Principles for Risk Assessment. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization.
15 Manuele, F.A. (2020). Advanced Safety Management: Focusing on Z10. 45001 and Serious Injury Prevention, 3e. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
16 MIL‐STD‐882E (2012). Standard Practice for System Safety. Washington, DC: Department of Defense. https://www.dau.edu/cop/esoh/DAU%20Sponsored%20Documents/MIL%20STD%20882E%20Final%202012%2005%2011.pdf
17 NIOSH: Howard, John, M.D. eNews Volume 17, Number 11. Science to Assess Workplace Hazards: NIOSH Practices in Occupational Risk Assessment, March 2020.
18 OSHA’s Rule for Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, 1910.119. Washington, DC: Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1992.
19 Prevention and Control Strategies. OSHWIKI at https://oshwiki.eu/wiki/Prevention_and_control_strategies.
20 Risk Management Programs for Chemical Accidental Release Prevention, 40 CFR Part 68. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency, 1996.
2 Risk Assessment Standards and Definitions
Bruce Lyon1 and Bruce Hollcroft2
1 Brown & Brown
2 PayneWest Insurance, A Marsh & McLennan Agency LLC Company
OBJECTIVES
Introduce the Need for Risk Assessments
Review Compliance Standards that Require Hazard Determination and Analysis
Review Consensus Standards that Prescribe Risk Assessment
Define Key Risk Assessment Terminology
2.1 Introduction
The single‐most important component within the operational risk management process is the identification, analysis, and assessment of risk. Without this element, there is little hope of understanding and managing risk. The purpose of risk assessment is to identify and analyze risk sources (hazards) and assess their risks so that management can properly avoid, reduce, and manage operational risks.
Risk