9 Chapter 4-1Figure 4.1.1 Orthopantomogram showing multiple caries and alveolar bone loss...Figure 4.1.2 Primary tuberculosis manifesting as a non‐healing, tender ulcer...Figure 4.1.3 Positive Mantoux test (also known as tuberculin PPD test for pu...Figure 4.1.4 Chest x‐ray showing cavitary lesions typically associated with ...
10 Chapter 4-2Figure 4.2.1 Oral HPV‐associated papillomatosis in AIDS.Figure 4.2.2 (a–c) Lesions closely associated with HIV infection: oral candi...Figure 4.2.3 Exfoliative cheilitis as an adverse oral effect of proteinase i...Figure 4.2.4 Infection control in the dental clinic.Figure 4.2.5 Pneumonia by Pneumocystis carinii as an AIDS‐defining condition...
11 Chapter 4-3Figure 4.3.1 Orthopantomogram demonstrating unrestorable caries in #26.Figure 4.3.2 Erosive lichen planus in an HCV‐infected patient.Figure 4.3.3 Jaundice related to liver dysfunction.
12 Chapter 5-1Figure 5.1.1 Panoramic radiography showing caries and a prior filling in too...Figure 5.1.2 (a–c) Severe periodontal disease in a 37‐year‐old male with dia...Figure 5.1.3 Xerostomia – depapillated, smooth dry dorsum of the tongue.Figure 5.1.4 Continuous glucose monitoring system.
13 Chapter 5-2Figure 5.2.1 Orthopantomogram: neglected mouth with unrestorable caries in t...Figure 5.2.2 Macroglossia in a patient with hypothyroidism.Figure 5.2.3 Goitre (enlarged thyroid gland).Figure 5.2.4 Grey‐scale ultrasound and colour Doppler sonogram showing multi...
14 Chapter 5-3Figure 5.3.1 Mild goitre (anterior and lateral view).Figure 5.3.2 Pitted hypoplastic enamel and staining present on buccal surfac...Figure 5.3.3 Generalised moderate to severe tooth surface loss on the palata...Figure 5.3.4 Orthopantomogram demonstrating patchy medullary radiolucency su...Figure 5.3.5 Long cone periapical radiograph demonstrating periapical radiol...
15 Chapter 6-1Figure 6.1.1 Orthopantomogram demonstrating a neglected mouth with multiple ...Figure 6.1.2 Postoperative bleeding after dental extraction in liver cirrhos...Figure 6.1.3 Grey‐scale ultrasound and colour Doppler sonogram showing a liv...
16 Chapter 6-2Figure 6.2.1 Orthopantomogram demonstrating multiple carious teeth, missing ...Figure 6.2.2 Brown tumour associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism in a...Figure 6.2.3 Autosomal‐dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) may lead t...Figure 6.2.4 A haemodialysis system including a blood circuit (with the vasc...
17 Chapter 7-1Figure 7.1.1 Orthopantomogram findings suggestive of osteoporosis as well as...Figure 7.1.2 Granular jawbone and severe cortex erosion in a female patient ...Figure 7.1.3 Right‐sided femoral neck fracture (most are due to osteoporosis...Figure 7.1.4 The gold‐standard method to assess bone mineral density (BMD) i...
18 Chapter 7-2Figure 7.2.1 Enlargement of the left maxillary area.Figure 7.2.2 Hypercementosis associated with Paget disease.
19 Chapter 7-3Figure 7.3.1 Orthopantomogram showing conserved structure of the condylar pr...Figure 7.3.2 Condylar process of a rheumatoid arthritis patient showing flat...Figure 7.3.3 Methotrexate‐induced oral ulcer.Figure 7.3.4 Stiff fingers and swollen joints in rheumatoid arthritis.
20 Chapter 8-1Figure 8.1.1 Orthopantomogram demonstrating severe vertical bone loss in mes...Figure 8.1.2 Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor (enalapril)‐induced fac...Figure 8.1.3 (a,b) Calcium channel blocker (nifedipine)‐induced gingival hyp...Figure 8.1.4 Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring record over a 24‐hour peri...
21 Chapter 8-2Figure 8.2.1 Periapical dental radiograph showing chronic periapical periodo...Figure 8.2.2 Gingival hyperplasia caused by nifedipine (a calcium channel bl...Figure 8.2.3 Nicorandil (a potassium channel opener)‐induced oral ulcer.Figure 8.2.4 Patient with unstable angina treated in a hospital setting with...Figure 8.2.5 Stress echocardiography and Doppler echocardiography are establ...
22 Chapter 8-3Figure 8.3.1 Orthopantomogram demonstrating loss of multiple teeth and deter...Figure 8.3.2 Oral lichenoid drug reaction triggered by a beta‐blocker (nevib...Figure 8.3.3 Myocardial perfusion single‐photon emission computed tomography...
23 Chapter 8-4Figure 8.4.1 Orthopantomogram showing severe maxillary atrophy and radiograp...Figure 8.4.2 Heart pacemaker (VVI) on chest x‐ray.Figure 8.4.3 Implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator with 1 lead and 2 shock ...
24 Chapter 8-5Figure 8.5.1 Periapical radiograph showing radiolucent lesion related to #36...Figure 8.5.2 Exploratory surgery confirmed the radiological suggestion of ra...Figure 8.5.3 Mechanical mitral valve prostheses.Figure 8.5.4 Biological aortic valve prostheses.
25 Chapter 8-6Figure 8.6.1 Orthopantomogram showing carotid stent.Figure 8.6.2 Invasive coronary angiography remains the standard for the dete...
26 Chapter 9-1Figure 9.1.1 Orthopantomogram of a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonar...Figure 9.1.2 Inhaling smoke is a chronic work hazard for street hawkers.Figure 9.1.3 Spirometry is the standard respiratory function test for case d...Figure 9.1.4 Chest x‐ray of an elderly man with chronic obstructive pulmonar...
27 Chapter 9-2Figure 9.2.1 Lignosus rhinocerus.Figure 9.2.2 Mandibular dentition: rampant caries and multiple retained root...Figure 9.2.3 (a) Characteristic facial features of asthma. (b) Mouth‐breathi...Figure 9.2.4 Spirometry is the recommended test to confirm asthma (see also ...
28 Chapter 10-1Figure 10.1.1 Orthopantomogram showing extensive caries.Figure 10.1.2 Spontaneous gingival bleeding.Figure 10.1.3 Persistent bleeding from hyperplastic pulpitis (pulp polyp).Figure 10.1.4 Infraorbital haematoma following infiltrative local anaesthesi...
29 Chapter 10-2Figure 10.2.1 Multiple other decayed and defective heavily restored teeth.Figure 10.2.2 (a) Periapical radiograph upper right quadrant showing fractur...
30 Chapter 10-3Figure 10.3.1 Periapical radiograph of the #14 demonstrating extensive bone ...Figure 10.3.2 International normalised ratio (INR) testing in the dental cli...Figure 10.3.3 (a,b) Prolonged bleeding and bruising (haematoma) after dental...Figure 10.3.4 Prolonged bleeding after dental extractions; haemostatic pack ...
31 Chapter 10-4Figure 10.4.1