Terror. Michel Biard

Duplicity in the Mental World of Jacobin Leaders, 1793–1794’, in David Andress (ed.), Experiencing the French Revolution, Oxford, Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 2013, pp. 201–17.

      48 48. The so-called ‘primary’ assemblies brought citizens together when they were asked to exercise their right to vote and elect.

      49 49. On 4 July 1793, even before Marat’s assassination, Girondin Birotteau had already made this kind of statement – as inflamed as it was unfounded – during his visit to Lyon, a city then in revolt against the Convention: ‘There is no longer any Convention; there is only a handful of scoundrels in the temple of laws, who are fattened by your blood, who spend in four days all the income of the public treasury of a whole year … Citizens, let us not deceive ourselves, the deputies who remain at the Convention now present only a faction whose unique and cherished system is oppression … do not deliberate any more, but march on Paris; the universality of Paris is animated by the same principles as you’ (Michel Biard, 1793. Le siège de Lyon. Entre mythes et réalités, Clermont-Ferrand, Lemme édit, 2013, pp. 15–17).

      50 50. AP, vol. LXX, p. 548.

      51 51. Ibid., vol. LXXII, p. 102.

      52 52. Ibid., p. 103.

      53 53. See Jean-Clément Martin, Les échos de la Terreur. Vérités d’un mensonge d’Etat, 1794–2001, Paris, Belin, 2018, pp. 58–62.

      54 54. See the work in particular of: Jean-Clément Martin, La terreur. Vérités et légendes, Paris, Perrin, 2017; Jean-Clément Martin, Les échos; and Annie Jourdan, Nouvelle histoire de la Révolution, Paris, Flammarion, 2018.

      55 55. AP, vol. LXXIII, p. 420.

      56 56. Ibid.

      57 57. Michel Biard, Missionnaires de la République. Les représentants du peuple en mission (1793–1795), Paris, Editions du CTHS, 2002 (new edition: Paris, Vendémiaire, 2015).

      58 58. AP, vol. LXXVI, p. 596.

      59 59. Ibid., vol. LXXVII, p. 30.

      60 60. Ibid., vol. LXXIX, p. 120.

      61 61. See Guilhaumou, ‘La terreur’.

      62 62. Ibid.

      63 63. René Robinet, ‘Au Tribunal criminel du Nord: le jugement des “magistrats” municipaux nommés sous l’occupation autrichienne de 1793–1794’, Revue du Nord, 1989, no. 282–283, pp. 903–18.

      64 64. Peter McPhee, Liberty or Death: The French Revolution, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 2016, p. 289.

      65 65. Timothy Tackett, The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution; and Marisa Linton, Choosing Terror. Virtue, Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013.