11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Concept of closed‐loop control for a typical AM process.Figure 11.2 Light spectrum.Figure 11.3 Schematic diagram of sensor installation for detection melt pool...Figure 11.4 Types of radiations emitted from LPBF and captured by CMOS camer...Figure 11.5 Location of camera and light sources in the build chamber.Figure 11.6 The inline coherent imaging system.Figure 11.7 A computed tomography (CT) setup, showing the X‐Ray source, obje...Figure 11.8 The schematic of the beamline setup within the chamber [45].Figure 11.9 Schematic cross section of P–N photodiode.Figure 11.10 Schematic of in situ sensing equipment integrated on LDED.Figure 11.11 Schematic of the optical system using a pyrometer.Figure 11.12 Schematic of (a) dynamic and (b) condenser microphones.Figure 11.13 The schematic of the surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor.Figure 11.14 The basic schematic of thermocouple.Figure 11.15 Thermocouple sensors placement in LPBF.Figure 11.16 Example of measurement by displacement sensor.Figure 11.17 Schematic of co‐axial and off‐axial setup in LPBF.Figure 11.18 Schematic overview of the feedback loop proposed for LPBF but c...Figure 11.19 Photodiode signal used in LPBF during the scanning using (a) ve...Figure 11.20 Results of in‐process LDED monitoring relationship between aver...Figure 11.21 Typical process zone in LDED and image processing: (a) original...Figure 11.22 PID controller integrated with a threshold and the identified p...Figure 11.23 Data acquisition for temperature signal recording and processin...Figure 11.24 Image segmentation method from initialization (first row) to th...Figure 11.25 Three layerwise optical tomography (OT) images used in LPBFFigure 11.26 Geometry distortion due to the use of a Galvo scanner.Figure 11.27 Concept of absolute limits algorithm.Figure 11.28 Concept of Signal Dynamics algorithm.Figure 11.29 Concept of short‐term fluctuations algorithm.Figure 11.30 Spatter detection: segmentation results based on IsoData, Otsu’...Figure 11.31 Support vector machine method: (a) possible hyperplane and (b) ...Figure 11.32 Neural network: (a) 3 input–1 output neural network and (b) sch...Figure 11.33 A deep learning approach to LPBF based on “Convolutional and Ar...Figure 11.34 ANFIS structure with two inputs and one outputFigure 11.35 Proposed fuzzy logic controller for LDED to control the bead he...Figure 11.36 Typical membership function in fuzzy logic controller used in L...Figure 11.37 Use of K‐means in LPBF: flowchart of the proposed processFigure 11.38 (a) An original image and (b) using K‐means to identify hot spo...Figure 11.39 SOM concept and iterations to map nodes to the input spaceFigure 11.40 2D cross sections of samples showing the distribution of the ar...Figure 11.41 Samples layout on the build plate: (a) R‐series and (b) T‐serie...Figure 11.42 Schematic of the defect detection process in EOSTATE MeltPool M...Figure 11.43 (a) An example of an image generated by the EOSTATE software fo...Figure 11.44 The population and distribution of indications for AL algorithm...Figure 11.45 The percentage of average and standard deviation of indications...Figure 11.46 The amount of shrinkage in the sample: (a) R2 – Location 4, (b)...Figure 11.47 Schematic of (a) a sample that is segmented in 82 batches and (...Figure 11.48 Schematic to compare the CT scan and EOSTATE software results t...
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Overview of hazards in additive manufacturing.Figure 12.2 Interaction of optical radiation and various tissues [14].Figure 12.3 (a) Fire triangle and (b) explosion pentagon [3].
Guide
5 Preface
9 Index
10 Wiley End User License Agreement
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