34 Lellis, B., Fávaro‐Polonio, C.Z., Pamphile, J.A. et al. (2019). Effects of textile dyes on health and the environment and bioremediation potential of living organisms. Biotechnology Research and Innovation 3 (2): 297–290.
35 Li, X., Chen, W., Ma, L. et al. (2019). Characteristics and mechanisms of catalytic ozonation with Fe shaving‐based catalyst in industrial wastewater advanced treatment. Journal of Cleaner Production 222: 174–181.
36 Mohr, S., Schröder, H., Feibicke, M. et al. (2008). Long‐term effects of the antifouling booster biocide Irgarol 1051 on periphyton, plankton and ecosystem function in freshwater pond mesocosms. Aquatic Toxicology 90: 109–120. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.08.004.
37 Nawaz, T. and Sengupta, S. (2019). Advances in Water Purification Techniques. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978‐0‐12‐814790‐0.00004‐1.
38 Odeigah, P.G.C., Nurudeen, O., and Amund, O.O. (1997). Genotoxicity of oil field wastewater in Nigeria. Hereditas 126 (2): 161–167.
39 Pirilä, M., Saouabe, M., Ojala, S. et al. (2015). Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater. Top Catal 58: 1085–1099, doi:10.1007/s11244‐015‐0477‐7.
40 Prada‐Vásquez, M.A., Estrada‐Flórez, S.E., Serna‐Galvis, E.A., and Torres‐Palma, R.A. (2020). Developments in the intensification of photo‐Fenton and ozonation‐based processes for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern in Ibero‐American countries. Science of the Total Environment 765. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142699.
41 Salimi, M., Esrafili, A., Gholami, M. et al. (2017). Contaminants of emerging concern: a review of new approach in AOP technologies. Environ Monit Assess 189 (414): 1–22.
42 Sharma, H., Rawal, N., and Mathew, B.B. (2015). The characteristics, toxicity and effects of cadmium. International Journal of Nanotechnology and Nanoscience 3: 1–9.
43 Silva, V., Silva, C., Soares, P. et al. (2020). Isothiazolinone biocides: chemistry, biological, and toxicity profiles. Molecules 25 (4): 991. doi:10.3390/molecules25040991.
44 Sönnichsen, N. (2021). Lubricants – statistics and facts. www.statista.com/topics/5263/lubricants‐industry (accessed 20 April 2021).
45 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001). http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/ThePOPs/AllPOPs/tabid/2509/Default.aspx.
46 Suez. (n.d.). Oil industry. www.suezwaterhandbook.com/water‐and‐generalities/what‐water‐should‐we‐treat‐and‐why/industrial‐effluent/oil‐industry (accessed 13 April 2021).
47 Trojanowicz, M. (2020). Removal of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from waters and wastewaters by the use of ionizing radiation. Science of the Total Environment 718: 134425.
48 Wainwright, M. (2008). Dyes in the development of drugs and pharmaceuticals. Dyes and Pigments 76 (3): 582–589.
49 Vanraes, P., Ghodbane, H., Davister, D. et al. (2017). Removal of several pesticides in a falling water film DBD reactor with activated carbon textile: Energy efficiency. Water Research 116: 1–12.
50 Vanraes, P., Wardenier, N., Surmont, P. et al. (2018). Removal of alachlor, diuron and isoproturon in water in a falling film dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor combined with adsorption on activated carbon textile: Reaction mechanisms and oxidation by‐products. Journal of Hazardous Materials 354: 180–190. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.05.007.
51 WHO (World Health Organization). (1989). Indoor air uality: organic pollutants. Report on a WHO Meeting, Berlin, 23–27 August 1987. EURO Reports and Studies 111. Copenhagen, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe.
52 WHO (World Health Organization). (2019). Preventing disease through healthy environments: exposure to arsenic: a major public health concern (No. WHO/CED/PHE/EPE/19.4.1).
53 WHO (World Health Organization). (2020). 10 chemicals of public health concern. https://www.who.int/news‐room/photo‐story/photo‐story‐detail/10‐chemicals‐of‐public‐health‐concern (accessed 6 April 2021).
54 Yadav, M., Gupta, R., and Sharma, R.K. (2019). Green and sustainable pathways for wastewater purification. In: Advances in Water Purification Techniques (ed. S. Ahuja), 355–383. doi:10.1016/B978‐0‐12‐814790‐0.00014‐4.
55 Yeh, S.H., Lai, C.H., Lin, C.H. et al. (2011). Estimating cancer risk increment from air pollutant exposure for sewer workers working in an industrial city. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 11: 120–127.
56 Yu, L., Han, M., and He, F. (2017). A review of treating oily wastewater. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 10: S1913–S1922.
57 Zhang, Y., Wei, C., and Yan, B. (2019). Emission characteristics and associated health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds from a typical coking wastewater treatment plant. Science of the Total Environment 693: 133417.
2 Biosorption and Different Native Sources for Preparation of Biosorbents
A.B. Sathya1, R. Sivashankar2, J. Kanimozhi3, R. Devika1, and R. Balaji1
1 Department of Biotechnology, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
3 Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu, India
Introduction
Water plays a significant role in the global economy. Water covers most (71%) of the Earth's surface, but water from fresh sources like rivers, lakes, and streams contributes only 3% to total water resources. Freshwater bodies provide water suitable for human consumption. About 70% of freshwater is expended on irrigation. In many countries, these natural resources are limited, and their unavailability poses significant social and economic concerns (Baroni et al., 2007). As the quantity of water decreases, water quality is also seriously declining due to industrial, municipal, and agricultural wastes. Contamination can arise from wastewater leaking from damaged pipes and the flow of industrial waste into water. This contaminated water poses a constant danger to public health in the form of water‐borne diseases (Arshad and Imran, 2020).
Heavy metal exposure is considered a major environmental concern and a hazard to human health among numerous contaminations in drinking water. Even in minute amounts, toxic metals can cause toxicity when they enter the body due to their non‐degradable nature. Mercury, nickel, arsenic, chromium, manganese, copper, zinc, and cadmium are the most widely intoxicating heavy metals (Jaishankar et al., 2014). The wastewater streams from plating, casting, painting dyes, batteries, mining, and farming are key contributors to heavy metals entering the ecosystem (Ibrahim and Mutawie, 2013). Because of their toxic effects, most heavy metals produce various issues, including kidney problems, brain activity difficulties, and nervous weakness. Sleeplessness, impatience, anemic, dizziness, and muscle pain are some of their hazardous symptoms (Fu and Wang, 2011).
Several techniques for the biosorption of toxic metals from effluent have been developed. They include ion exchange, evaporation, chemical precipitation, and membrane filtration. Activated carbon is by far the most common and widely utilized material for treating wastewater pollution. Materials that are used to prepare higher‐quality activated carbon cost more (Babel, 2003). In recent