Making Sense of AI. Anthony Elliott. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

Автор: Anthony Elliott
Издательство: John Wiley & Sons Limited
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Жанр произведения: Математика
Год издания: 0
isbn: 9781509548910
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on historical machines are another significant attempt to narrate the history of technology otherwise. See also the interesting set of essays in Jessica Riskin (ed.), Genesis Redux, University of Chicago Press, 2017, especially in parts 2 and 3.

      2  2 See, for example, Jerry Kaplan, Artificial Intelligence: What Everyone Needs to Know, Oxford University Press, 2016.

      3  3 J. McCarthy, M. L. Minsky, N. Rochester and C. E. Shannon, ‘A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence’, 31 August 1955: http://raysolomonoff.com/dartmouth/boxa/dart564props.pdf

      4  4 See Nils J. Nilsson, The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements, Cambridge University Press, 2010.

      5  5 See Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices, trans. Donald R. Hill, Springer, 1979.

      6  6 See Kevin LaGrandeur, ‘The Persistent Peril of the Artificial Slave’, Science Fiction Studies, 38, 2011, pp. 232–51.

      7  7 See ‘The Fall of “Old Brass Brains”’, Product Engineering, 41 (1–6), 1970, p. 98.

      8  8 Alan M. Turing, ‘I. Computing Machinery and Intelligence’, Mind, LIX (236), 1950, pp. 433–60.

      9  9 John Searle, ‘The Chinese Room’, in R. A. Wilson and F. Keil (eds.), The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences, MIT Press, 1999, p. 115.

      10 10 Susan Schneider, Artificial You: AI and the Future of Your Mind, Princeton University Press, 2019, pp. 11–12.

      11 11 The best account of globalization as a multidimensional institutional force remains David Held et al., Global Transformations, Polity, 1999.

      12 12 M. Mitchell Waldrop, The Dream Machine: J. C. R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal, Stripe Press, 2018, p. 12.

      The rise of AI has stirred massive global controversy. Not just in universities and think tanks, but across industries and business circles. For many, the very idea of AI generates alarm. The advance of AI represents a major threat to jobs, employment, enterprise and industrial manufacture, and stokes up anxieties that pervade many other areas of life too. The more powerful automated systems become, the more many people worry about the risk that artificial general intelligence might result someday in human annihilation or some other irreversible global nightmare. In this scenario, the rise of AI is potentially catastrophic. AI is equated here with an apocalyptic social future. Another response, albeit very different in perspective, views these technological breakthroughs more positively. This response concentrates on new possibilities, hopes – and dreams for a better world. On the face of things, AI is a breakthrough science, and thereby promises great opportunities for the reshaping of economies, societies and political choices today. In this scenario, the coming AI revolution foreshadows the opening of a new era, one which will radically transform people’s daily habits and the world in which they live. AI is a new driver of production and will generate new sources of economic growth, changing how work is done and dramatically increasing growth in businesses worldwide.

      The consequences of AI – what it is doing to our economies and societies, and its future possibilities – have to be systematically understood. Contrasting hypotheses, interpretations and theories of AI and its consequences cluster around two main lines of argumentation. The first of these I shall refer to as the position advanced by sceptics. The sceptics are today in a minority, and yet have significantly influenced public opinion and much policy thinking on AI and its ramifications. Simply put, sceptics say that claims of an AI revolution are overblown. For many of a sceptical persuasion, the spectre of AI is too often invoked to explain away complex institutional changes occurring throughout the world today. These are changes to do with the international economy, workplace change and geopolitics. The contrasting, second position is occupied by those I call transformationalists. The AI revolution, argue transformationalists, is creating a world of radical change. This is the dawn of a new era, one in which the intersecting forces of economy, society and politics shift in fundamentally new directions. From this perspective, AI powerfully disrupts traditional ways of doing things, ushering in new economic conditions, social divisions and political alignments.

       Sceptics