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Modeling, Simulation, and Optimization of Supercritical and Subcritical Fluid Extraction Processes
Zainuddin A. Manan
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Gholamreza Zahedi
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
Johor Bahru, Malaysia
and
Ana Najwa Mustapa
College of Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)
Shah Alam, Malaysia
Copyright © 2022 by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.
A Joint Publication of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Preface
Supercritical and subcritical fluid extraction (SFE/SCFE) technologies have become increasingly popular methods for extraction and purification of food ingredients, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals over the last 30 years due to their unique advantages over conventional processing methods. These include low‐temperature operation, inert solvent, selective separation, and the extraction of high‐value product or new product with improved functional or nutritional characteristics. SFE/SCFE are also environmentally benign technologies since the processes typically generate no waste.
Supercritical fluid exhibits high‐density like liquids, which contributes to greater potential for solubilization of materials, and low viscosity similar to gases, which enables its penetration into the solid. Subcritical fluid, which is also known as a high‐pressure liquid, exhibits similar behavior to and can be exploited in the same manner as, supercritical fluids albeit at much lower pressure and temperature. SCFE is therefore typically classified under SFE technology. Nowadays, SFE technology is used to process hundreds of millions of pounds of coffee, tea, and hops annually, and is increasingly becoming of common use in the pharmaceuticals industry for purification and nanoparticle formation. Supercritical fluid processing is also gaining in the botanicals,