|
0
|
+
|
n/a
|
Torabian et al. (2018)
|
|
20
|
Coffee
|
10 mg/L
|
Foliar spray (in 14 days interval)
|
+
|
+
|
n/a
|
Rossi et al. (2019)
|
|
15–25
|
Pearl Millet
|
10 mg/L
|
Foliar spray (at 2 weeks and 4 weeks old)
|
+
|
+
|
n/a
|
Tarafdar et al. (2014)
|
|
<100
|
Cotton
|
100 and 200 mg/L
|
Foliar spray (3 weeks and 5 weeks old), under salt stress (irrigated with 10 and 20% sea water)
|
+
|
+
|
n/a
|
Hussein and Abou‐Baker (2018)
|
|
20–30
|
Chickpea
|
1.5 ppm
|
Irrigated daily for 15 days
|
+
|
+
|
n/a
|
Burman et al. (2013)
|
|
|
|
10 ppm
|
|
–
|
–
|
n/a
|
|
|
18
|
Onion
|
10–40 mg/L
|
Foliar spray (3 times at 15 days interval)
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Laware and Raskar (2014)
|
|
35
|
Eggplant
|
5–100 mg/L
|
Coco peat substrate treated with NPs
|
+
|
+
|
n/a
|
Thunugunta et al. (2018)
|
|
10
|
Cucumber
|
400–800 mg/kg
|
Soil application
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Zhao et al. (2014)
|
|
10
|
Kidney beans
|
60–500 mg/kg
|
Spiked into soil
|
+
|
0
|
0
|
Medina‐Velo et al. (2017)
|
|
10
|
Green pea
|
125–500, 2000 mg/kg
|
Spiked into soil
|
+
|
0
|
n/a
|
Mukherjee et al. (2014)
|
|
10
|
Soybean
|
50, 100, and 500 mg/kg
|
Soil application
|
+
|
+
|
n/a
|
Priester et al. (2012)
|
|
20–50
|
Wheat
|
250, 500, and 1000 mg/L
|
Petri plate and substrate treatment
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Tarafdar et al. (2014)
|
|
|
|
2000 mg/L
|
|
–
|
–
|
0
|
|
|
5
|
Cotton
|
25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 mg/L
|
Spiked into Hoagland media in hydroponic
|
+
|
+
|
n/a
|
Venkatachalam et al. (2017)
|
|
n/a
|
Tobacco
|
0.2, 1, 5, and 25 μm
|
Spiked into soilless culture (hydroponic)
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
Tirani et al. (2019)
|
3.3.2.2 Effects of Zn NPs Used in Agar Media and Hydroponic Application
Zn NPs can promote early plant growth through agar media or hydroponic applications. Ramesh et al. (2014) found a substantial increase in chlorophyll and protein content in wheat through agar application of ZnO NPs (20–50 nm) between 250 and 2000 mg/L with minimal or no toxic effects. Mung bean and chickpea are grown in agar media at 20 and 1 mg/L, showed an increase of root length, root biomass, shoot length, and shoot biomass by 42 and 53%, 41 and 37%, 98 and 6%, and 76
