History of the Jews in Russia and Poland (Vol. 1-3). Dubnow Simon. Читать онлайн. Newlib. NEWLIB.NET

Автор: Dubnow Simon
Издательство: Bookwire
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Жанр произведения: Документальная литература
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isbn: 4064066394219
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       Simon Dubnow

      History of the Jews in Russia and Poland

      (Vol. 1-3)

      Published by

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      2020 OK Publishing

      EAN 4064066394219

       Volume 1

       Volume 2

       Volume 3

       Table of Contents

       CHAPTER I THE JEWISH DIASPORA IN EASTERN EUROPE

       CHAPTER II THE JEWISH COLONIES IN POLAND AND LITHUANIA

       CHAPTER III THE AUTONOMOUS CENTER IN POLAND AT ITS ZENITH (1501–1648)

       CHAPTER IV THE INNER LIFE OF POLISH JEWRY AT ITS ZENITH

       CHAPTER V THE AUTONOMOUS CENTER IN POLAND DURING ITS DECLINE (1648–1772)

       CHAPTER VI THE INNER LIFE OF POLISH JEWRY DURING THE PERIOD OF DECLINE

       CHAPTER VII THE RUSSIAN QUARANTINE AGAINST JEWS (TILL 1772)

       CHAPTER VIII POLISH JEWRY DURING THE PERIOD OF THE PARTITIONS

       CHAPTER IX THE BEGINNINGS OF THE RUSSIAN RÉGIME

       CHAPTER X THE "ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM" OF ALEXANDER I.

       CHAPTER XI THE INNER LIFE OF RUSSIAN JEWRY DURING THE PERIOD OF "ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM"

       CHAPTER XII THE LAST YEARS OF ALEXANDER I.

      CHAPTER I

       THE JEWISH DIASPORA IN EASTERN EUROPE

       Table of Contents

      1. The Jewish Settlements on the Shores of the Black Sea

      From the point of view of antiquity the Jewish Diaspora in the east of Europe is the equal of that in the west, though vastly its inferior in geographic expansion and spiritual development. It is even possible that the settlement of Jews in the east of Europe antedates their settlement in the west. For Eastern Europe, beginning with Alexander the Great, received its immigrants from the ancient lands of Hellenized Asia, while the immigration into Western Europe proceeded in the main from the Roman Empire, the heir to the Hellenic dominion of the East.

      Among the ancient Jewish settlements in Eastern Europe the colonies situated on the northern shores of the Black Sea, now forming a part of the Russian Empire, occupy a prominent place.

      During the same period there flourished in the Crimea and on the adjacent shores of the Black and Azov Seas, called by the Greeks Pontus and Maeotis, in the lands of the Scythians, Sarmatians, and Taurians, a number of diminutive Greek city-republics—Cimmerian Bosporus, or Panticapaeum (at present Kerch), Phanagoria (the Taman Peninsula), Olbia, Gorgippia (now Anapa), and others. The most active of these colonies was Bosporus-Panticapaeum, which was situated at the confluence of the Black and Azov Seas. The kings, or archonts, of Bosporus, of the Greek dynasty of the Rhescuporides, acknowledged the sovereignty of Rome. They styled themselves, in accordance with the customary formula, "friends of the Caesars and the Romans," and frequently added to their title the Roman dynastic appellation "Tiberius-Julius." The Jewish historian Josephus Flavius, in depicting the irresistible sway of the Roman world-power in his time, refers to this colony in the following terms: "Why need I speak of the Heniochi and Colchians and the nation of the Tauri, and those who inhabit the Bosporus and the nations about Pontus and Maeotis … who are now subject to three thousand armed men, and where forty long ships keep in peace the sea which before was unnavigable, and is very tempestuous?" (Bell. Jud. II. xvi. 4.) These words were written shortly after the downfall of Judea, about the year 80 of the Christian era.

      Now from practically the same year (80–81) date the Greek inscriptions which were discovered on the soil of ancient Bosporus in Tauris, testifying to the existence there of a well-organized Jewish community, with a house of prayer. The following is the text of one of these inscriptions, engraved on a marble tablet which is kept in the Hermitage of Petrograd: