10 PART I CHINA AMONG “BARBARIANS”1 Early History, to 1027 BCELand and SettlementEarly MankindAgricultural Revolution in the Neolithic EraXia: The First Dynasty?The Shang and the Origins of Chinese CivilizationOracle BonesRitual Objects as Historical SourcesShang SocietyNoteFurther Reading2 Classical China, 1027–256 bce“Feudalism“?Changes in Social StructurePolitical Instability in the Eastern ZhouTransformations in the EconomyHundred Schools of ThoughtDaoismPopular ReligionsConfucianismMohismLegalismBook of Odes and Book of DocumentsSecularization of ArtsNoteFurther Reading3 The First Chinese Empires, 221 BCE–220 ceDevelopment of the Qin StateQin AchievementsFailures of the QinHan and New InstitutionsHan Foreign RelationsEmperor Wu’s Domestic Policies and Their RamificationsWang Mang: Reformer or Usurper?Restoration of a Weaker Han DynastySpiritual and Philosophical Developments in the HanHan Literature and ArtFurther Reading4 Chaos and Religious and Political Responses, 220–581Three KingdomsRise of South ChinaForeigners and North ChinaNorthern WeiSpiritual Developments, Post–HanBuddhism Enters ChinaLiterature, Science, and the Arts in a Period of DivisionNoteFurther Reading
11 PART II CHINA AMONG EQUALS5 Restoration of Empire under Sui and Tang, 581–907Sui: First Step in RestorationDisastrous Foreign CampaignsOrigins of the TangTaizong: The Greatest Tang EmperorTang ExpansionismIrregular Successions and the Empress WuTang CosmopolitanismArrival of Foreign ReligionsGlorious Tang ArtsDecline of the TangTang Faces RebellionsUyghur Empire and TangTang’s Continuing DeclineSuppression of BuddhismFinal CollapseEfflorescence of Tang CultureNotesFurther Reading6 Post-Tang Society and the Glorious Song, 907–1279Five Dynasties and Ten KingdomsSong: A Lesser EmpireA New Song EliteNeo-Confucianism: A New PhilosophyAttempts at ReformWomen and the SongThe Khitans and the Liao DynastyExpansion of Khitan TerritoryPreservation of Khitan IdentityFall of the LiaoXia and Jin: Two Foreign DynastiesSong ArtsSouthern Song Economic and Cultural Sophistication and Political InstabilityNoteFurther Reading
12 PART III CHINA AND THE MONGOL WORLD7 Mongol Rule in China, 1234–1368Rise of Chinggis KhanLegacy of Chinggis KhanExpansion and Early Rule of EmpireSorghaghtani Beki, Möngke, and KhubilaiUnification of ChinaKhubilai’s PoliciesMultiethnic and Multireligious ChinaKhubilai and Chinese CultureDecline of the YuanLegacy of the MongolsNoteFurther Reading8 Ming: Isolationism and Involvement in the World, 1368–1644A More Powerful StateOpening to the Outside WorldA Costly FailureConspicuous ConsumptionArts in the MingNeo-Confucianism: School of the MindA Few Unorthodox ThinkersMing LiteratureBuddhism: New DevelopmentsSocial Development and Material CultureViolence in the Sixteenth CenturyFall of the Ming DynastyFurther Reading
13 PART IV CHINA IN GLOBAL HISTORY9 Early Qing: A Manchu Dynasty, 1644–1860Preserving Manchu IdentityKangxi and the Height of the QingWestern ArrivalJesuits in ChinaExpansion of ChinaQing Cultural DevelopmentsQing Faces Economic ProblemsStirrings of DiscontentThe Western ChallengeOpium WarsExplanations for the Decline of the QingFurther Reading10 Late Qing, 1860–1911Nian and Other Minor RebellionsTaiping RebellionOther RebellionsForeign ThreatsDiffering Court Responses to ChallengesAntiforeign Acts and Foreign ReactionsLosses in Southwest ChinaJapan EmergesSino–Japanese ConflictScramble for Concessions and US ResponseChina Humiliated and the ReformersBoxer MovementCourt ReformsFall of the QingNoteFurther Reading11 The Republican Period, 1911–1949The 1911 Revolution and Its AftermathWarlords in PowerThe May Fourth Movement and Intellectuals in the Post-First World War PeriodCommunist PartyRise of Chiang Kai–shekGuomindang DominanceCommunist Party RevivalLong March and AftermathThe Sino–Japanese WarThe Pacific War, the Communists, and the GuomindangCivil War in ChinaFurther Reading12 The Communist Era in China, 1949 OnwardsEarly Pacification of Border AreasEarly Foreign RelationsRecovery from WarsCracks in the Communist WorldGreat Leap ForwardReturn to PragmatismAn Isolated ChinaGreat Proletarian Cultural RevolutionChina Reopens Its DoorsDramatic Changes and ModernizationTiananmen Disturbance of 1989 and Its AftermathThe Present Status of ChinaFurther Reading
14 Index
Guide
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