SURROGATE WARFARE
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SURROGATE WARFARE
THE TRANSFORMATION OF WAR IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
ANDREAS KRIEG AND JEAN-MARC RICKLI
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Krieg, Andreas, author. | Rickli, Jean-Marc, author.
Title: Surrogate warfare : the transformation of war in the twenty-first century / Andreas Krieg and Jean-Marc Rickli.
Description: Washington, DC : Georgetown University Press, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018043577 (print) | LCCN 2018046470 (ebook) | ISBN 9781626166776 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781626166783
(pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781626166790 (ebook : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Military art and science—History—21st century. | War—History—21st century. | Military art and science—Technological innovations.
Classification: LCC U42.5 (ebook) | LCC U42.5 .K745 2019 (print) | DDC 355.02—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018043577
20 19 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 First printing
Printed in the United States of America.
Cover design by N. Putens.
CONTENTS
1The History of Surrogate Warfare
2The Context of Neotrinitarian War
3Conceptualizing Surrogate Warfare
4Externalizing the Burden of War to the Machine
5Patron-Surrogate Relations and the Problem of Control and Autonomy
7Iran’s Externalization of Strategic Defense through Surrogate Warfare
FIGURES
3.1: Clausewitz’s Trinity
3.2: Patron-Surrogate Relations
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
THE IDEA FOR THIS BOOK DEVELOPED OVER THE PAST FOUR YEARS AMID OUR work with militaries in Europe and the Middle East, witnessing the extent to which warfare in the twenty-first century has increasingly become a multilateral exercise involving a range of actors of which some are patrons and others surrogates. We would like to express our thanks to the various military professionals with whom we have worked and whom we have consulted and educated in recent years. Their experience and personal input into this research project was of great importance to the formulation of a conceptual argument deeply rooted in empirical evidence. Further, our gratitude goes to the reviewers whose comments and recommendations have helped sharpen the focus of this book. Finally, we would like to acknowledge the journal Defence Studies for publishing our article on surrogate warfare in early 2018, on which we have received invaluable feedback and comments from readers that have helped us refine some of the ideas and concepts in this book (“Surrogate Warfare: The Art of War for the 21st Century?,” Defence Studies Journal 18, no. 2).
Andreas would like to thank the students at the Joaan Bin Jassim Joint Command and Staff College in Qatar and the UK Defence Academy for their constant availability to bounce ideas and refine the argument. In particular he would like to express special gratitude to the staff of the Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre at the UK Defence Academy and the Oxford Research Group’s Remote Warfare Programme, whose roundtable meetings and discussion and focus groups have been instrumental in widening his horizon on all matters relating to warfare by delegation. The exchange with like-minded experts has clearly shown that there is a gap in the academic literature on what has become a quite prevalent mode of warfare in the twenty-first century that goes far beyond proxy warfare. Last but not least, Andreas would like to thank his family for their constant and unconditional support in all his endeavors. Above all, he would like to say thank you to his wife, Zohal, whose warm support, patience, and inspiration in times of writer’s block has helped him to stay sane and focused.
Jean-Marc