Fixed Income Analysis Workbook. Barbara S. Petitt

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      Barbara S. Petitt

      Fixed Income Analysis Workbook

      CFA Institute is the premier association for investment professionals around the world, with over 124,000 members in 145 countries. Since 1963 the organization has developed and administered the renowned Chartered Financial Analyst¯ Program. With a rich history of leading the investment profession, CFA Institute has set the highest standards in ethics, education, and professional excellence within the global investment community, and is the foremost authority on investment profession conduct and practice. Each book in the CFA Institute Investment Series is geared toward industry practitioners along with graduate-level finance students and covers the most important topics in the industry. The authors of these cutting-edge books are themselves industry professionals and academics and bring their wealth of knowledge and expertise to this series.

      FIXED INCOME ANALYSIS WORKBOOK

      Third Edition

      Barbara S. Petitt, CFA

      Jerald E. Pinto, CFA

      Wendy L. Pirie, CFA

      with

      Robin Grieves, CFA

      Gregory M. Noronha, CFA

      Cover image: © iStock.com / PPAMPicture

      Cover design: Wiley

      Copyright © 2015 by CFA Institute. All rights reserved.

      Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

      The First and Second Editions were published by Wiley in 2000 and 2007.

      Published simultaneously in Canada.

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      ISBN 978-1-118-99950-9 (Paperback)

      ISBN 978-1-119-02973-1 (ePDF)

      ISBN 978-1-119-02977-9 (ePub)

      PART I

      LEARNING OBJECTIVES, SUMMARY OVERVIEW, AND PROBLEMS

      CHAPTER 1

      FIXED-INCOME SECURITIES: DEFINING ELEMENTS

      LEARNING OUTCOMES

      After completing this chapter, you will be able to do the following:

      ● describe the basic features of a fixed-income security;

      ● describe functions of a bond indenture;

      ● compare affirmative and negative covenants and identify examples of each;

      ● describe how legal, regulatory, and tax considerations affect the issuance and trading of fixed-income securities;

      ● describe how cash flows of fixed-income securities are structured;

      ● describe contingency provisions affecting the timing and/or nature of cash flows of fixed-income securities and identify whether such provisions benefit the borrower or the lender.

      SUMMARY OVERVIEW

      This chapter provides an introduction to the salient features of fixed-income securities while noting how these features vary among different types of securities. Important points include the following:

      ● The three important elements that an investor needs to know when investing in a fixed-income security are (1) the bond's features, which determine its scheduled cash flows and thus the bondholder's expected and actual return; (2) the legal, regulatory, and tax considerations that apply to the contractual agreement between the issuer and the bondholders; and (3) the contingency provisions that may affect the bond's scheduled cash flows.

      ● The basic features of a bond include the issuer, maturity, par value (or principal), coupon rate and frequency, and currency denomination.

      ● Issuers of bonds include supranational organizations, sovereign governments, non-sovereign governments, quasi-government entities, and corporate issuers.

      ● Bondholders are exposed to credit risk and may use bond credit ratings to assess the credit quality of a bond.

      ● A bond's principal is the amount the issuer agrees to pay the bondholder when the bond matures.

      ● The coupon rate is the interest rate that the issuer agrees to pay to the bondholder each year. The coupon rate can be a fixed rate or a floating rate. Bonds may offer annual, semi-annual, quarterly, or monthly coupon payments depending on the type of bond and where the bond is issued.

      ● Bonds can be issued in any currency. Bonds such as dual-currency bonds and currency option bonds are connected to two currencies.

      ● The yield to maturity is the discount rate that equates the present value of the bond's future cash flows until maturity to its price. Yield to maturity can be considered an estimate of the market's expectation for the bond's return.

      ● A plain vanilla bond has a known cash flow pattern. It has a fixed maturity date and pays a fixed rate of interest over the bond's life.

      ● The bond indenture or trust deed is the legal contract that describes the form of the bond, the issuer's obligations, and the investor's rights. The indenture is usually held by a financial institution called a trustee, which performs various duties specified in the indenture.

      ● The issuer is identified in the indenture by its legal name and is obligated to make timely payments of interest and repayment of principal.

      ● For securitized bonds, the legal obligation to repay bondholders often lies with a separate legal entity – that is, a bankruptcy-remote vehicle that uses the assets as guarantees to back a bond issue.

      ● How the issuer intends to service the debt and repay the principal should be described in the indenture. The source of repayment proceeds varies depending on the type of bond.

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