9 SECTION 3: CELL COMMUNICATION 9 CARRIERS, CHANNELS, AND VOLTAGES CARRIERS THE POTASSIUM GRADIENT AND THE RESTING VOLTAGE THE ACTION POTENTIAL FURTHER READING REVIEW QUESTIONS THOUGHT QUESTION 10 SIGNALING THROUGH IONS CALCIUM AS A SIGNALING ION PROPAGATING THE SIGNAL RAPID COMMUNICATION: FROM NEURONS TO THEIR TARGETS REVIEW QUESTIONS THOUGHT QUESTION 11 SIGNALING THROUGH ENZYMES G PROTEIN‐COUPLED RECEPTORS AND SECOND MESSENGERS RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES AND THE MAP KINASE CASCADE CYTOKINE RECEPTORS SIGNALING THROUGH PROTEOLYSIS INTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS CROSSTALK – SIGNALING PATHWAYS OR SIGNALING WEBS? SIGNALING IN THE CONTROL OF MUSCLE BLOOD SUPPLY FURTHER READING REVIEW QUESTIONS THOUGHT QUESTION
10 SECTION 4: THE MECHANICS OF THE CELL 12 INTRACELLULAR TRAFFICKING PRINCIPLES OF PROTEIN TRANSPORT TRAFFICKING TO THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND PLASMA MEMBRANE TRAFFICKING TO THE LYSOSOME TRAFFICKING TO AND FROM THE NUCLEUS TRAFFICKING TO OTHER ORGANELLES FURTHER READING REVIEW QUESTIONS THOUGHT QUESTION 13 CELLULAR SCAFFOLDING MICROTUBULES FUNCTIONS OF MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS FUNCTIONS OF MICROFILAMENTS INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS FUNCTIONS OF INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS FURTHER READING REVIEW QUESTIONS THOUGHT QUESTION 14 CONTROLLING CELL NUMBER M‐PHASE CONTROL OF THE CELL CYCLE MEIOSIS AND FERTILIZATION CELL DEATH FURTHER READING REVIEW QUESTIONS THOUGHT QUESTION
11 SECTION 5: CASE STUDY 15 CASE STUDY CYSTIC FIBROSIS IS A SEVERE GENETIC DISEASE THE FUNDAMENTAL LESION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS LIES IN CHLORIDE TRANSPORT CLONING THE CFTR GENE THE CFTR GENE CODES FOR A CHLORIDE ION CHANNEL