Wireless RF Energy Transfer in the Massive IoT Era. Hirley Alves

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Wireless RF Energy Transfer in the Massive IoT Era

      Towards Sustainable Zero-energy Networks

       Onel Alcaraz López

       University of Oulu

       Hirley Alves

       University of Oulu

This edition first published 2022

      © 2022 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.

      Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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       Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Names: López, Onel Alcaraz author. | Alves, Hirley, author.

      Title: Wireless RF energy transfer in the massive IoT era : towards sustainable zero-energy networks / Onel Alcaraz López, University of Oulu, Hirley Alves, University of Oulu.

      Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, [2022]

      Identifiers: LCCN 2021033393 (print) | LCCN 2021033394 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119718666 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119718680 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119718697 (epub) | ISBN 9781119718703 (ebook)

      Subjects: LCSH: Wireless power transmission. | Internet of things–Power supply.

      Classification: LCC TK3088 .L67 2021 (print) | LCC TK3088 (ebook) | DDC 621.319–dc23

      LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021033393

      LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021033394

      Cover image: © Shine Nucha/Shutterstock

      Cover design by Wiley

      Set in 10/12pt Warnock by by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India

Contents

      1  Cover

      2  Title page

      3  Copyright

      4  Preface

      5  Acknowledgments

      6  Acronyms

      7  Mathematical Notation

      8  About the Companion Website

      9 1 Massive IoT1.1 Selected Use-cases and Scenarios1.2 Key Technologies1.3 Requirements and KPIs1.4 Key Enablers1.4.1 Holistic and Globally Scalable Massive IoT1.4.2 Sustainable Connectivity1.5 Final Remarks and Discussions

      10 2 Wireless RF Energy Transfer: An Overview2.1 Energy Harvesting2.1.1 EH Sources2.1.2 RF Energy Transfer2.2 RF–EH Performance2.2.1 Analytical Models2.2.2 State-of-the-art on RF EH2.3 RF–EH IoT2.3.1 Architectures of IoT RF EH Networks2.3.2 Green WET2.3.3 WIT-WET Layouts2.3.4 RF EH in IoT Use Cases2.4 Enabling Efficient RF-WET2.4.1 Energy Beamforming2.4.2 CSI-limited Schemes2.4.3 Distributed Antenna System2.4.4 Enhancements in Hardware and Medium2.4.5 New Spectrum Opportunities2.4.6 Resource Scheduling and Optimization2.4.7 Distributed Ledger Technology2.5 Final Remarks

      11 3 Ambient RF EH3.1 Motivation and Overview3.1.1 Hybrid of RF–EH and Power Grid3.1.2 Energy Usage Protocols3.1.3 On Efficient Ambient RF–RH Designs3.2 Measurement Campaigns3.2.1 Greater London (2012)3.2.2 Diyarbakir (2014)3.2.3 Flanders (2017-2019)3.2.4 Other Measurements3.3 Energy Arrival Modeling3.3.1 Based on Arbitrary Distributions3.3.2 Based on Stochastic Geometry3.4 A Stochastic Geometry-based Study3.4.1 System Model and Assumptions3.4.2 Energy Coverage Probability3.4.3 Average Harvested Energy3.4.4 Meta-distribution of Harvested Energy3.4.5 Numerical Results3.5 Final Considerations

      12 4 Efficient Schemes for WET4.1 EH from Dedicated WET4.2 Energy Beamforming4.2.1 Low-complexity EB Design4.2.2 CSI-limited Energy Beamforming4.2.3 Performance Analysis4.3 CSI-free Multi-antenna Techniques4.3.1 System Model and Assumptions4.3.2 Positioning-agnostic CSI-free WET4.3.3 Positioning-aware CSI-free WET4.4 On the Massive WET Performance4.5 Final Considerations

      13 5 Multi-PB Massive WET5.1 On the PBs Deployment5.1.1 Positioning-aware Deployments5.1.2 Positioning-agnostic Deployments5.2 Multi-antenna Energy Beamforming5.2.1 Centralized Energy Beamforming5.2.2 Distributed Energy Beamforming5.2.3 Available RF Energy5.3 Distributed CSI-free WET5.3.1 SA, AA–IS and RPS–EMW5.3.2 AA–SS5.3.3 RAB5.3.4 Positioning-aware CSI-free Schemes5.3.5 Numerical Examples5.4 On the Deployment Costs5.5 Final Remarks

      14 6 Wireless-powered Communication Networks6.1 WPCN Models6.2 Reliable Single-user WPCN6.2.1 Harvest-then-transmit (HTT)6.2.2