Inter-tribal warfare is usually characteristic of savage tribes, and an ample vocabulary of words connected with fighting and the art of war may be looked for in a language like Malay. But though the native terms are numerous, many have also been furnished by Sanskrit, among which may be instanced the following:—
| English. | Malay. | Sanskrit. | Other Languages. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Army | bâla, bâlatantrâ | bala (an army), tantra (series, offspring) | J. and S. bala. |
| Fort | kôta | kûṭa | J. kuta; Bat. kuta; S., Mak., D., Tag., and Bis. kota. |
| Bastion, redoubt | mâlawâti 31 | balavatî (strong, powerful)? | |
| Weapon, arm | senjâta | sajjâ (armour), sajjatâ, readiness | Kw. and Mak. sanjata; Bat. sonjata; D. sandata. |
| Bow | pânah | vâṇa (an arrow) | J., S., and D. panah; Mak. pana; Tag. and Bis. pana, arrow. |
| Dagger | kris | kṛit (to cut, to kill) | J. and S. keris and kris; Bat. horis; Mak. kurisi; Tag. and Bis. kalis. |
| Discus | chakra | chakra | |
| Club | gada | gadâ | J. gada. |
| Cross-bow | gandî | gâṇḍiva | J. gandewa. |
| Pike | sanggamâra | saṃgrâma (war, battle) | |
| Knife | churîka | chhurikâ | Kw. churika, a kris. |
| Enemy | satrû | çatru | J. and S. satru. |
| Battlefield | râna | raṇa (battle) | Kw. and S. rana. |
| Victory | jaya | jaya | J. and S. jaya. |
Among the Malays the titles of royalty and nobility, and many of the terms in use for the paraphernalia of the court, are Sanskrit. Logan supposes the native Malayan institutions to have been of a “mixed patriarchal and oligarchical” form.32 Crawfurd was not satisfied that the terms alluded to proved that Hinduism had exercised much influence on Malayan government;33 but when to these is added a long catalogue of words connected with law, justice, and administration, it will probably be apparent that Indian influence has played an important part in moulding the institutions of the Malays. The following are some of the principal titles, &c., in use about the court of a Malay Raja:—
| English. | Malay. | Sanskrit. | Other Languages. |
|---|---|---|---|
| King | râja | râj | J., S., and Bat. raja. |
| Maharaja (a title not confined to royalty, but used also by Malay chiefs) | mahârâja | mahârâja (a king, sovereign) | |
| Adiraja (a title) | âdirâja | âdhirâja (the first or primeval king, epithet of Manu and of a son of Kuru) | |
| King (reigning monarch) | baginda | bhâgya (merit, happiness) | J. bagenda; S. baginda. |
| Paduka (a title of respect used in addressing persons of rank) | paduka34 | pâduka (a shoe) | J. and S. paduka. |
| Duli (a title used in addressing royalty) | dûli34 | dhuli (dust) | J. duli; Bat. daholi. |
| Queen | permeisûrî | parameçvarî (a title of Durga, wife of Çiva) | J. prameswari; S. permasuri. |
| Prince | putrâ | putra (a son) | J. and S. putra. |
| Princess | putrî | putrî (a daughter) | J. and S. putri. |
| Minister | mantrî | mantrin (councillor) | J. mantri; Mak. mantari; S. mantri, a minor official. |
| Chief minister | pardana-mantri | pradhâna | |
| Councillor | paramantri | para (highest) | |
| Officer of the household | sîda-sîda | siddha (priest, learned man) | |
| Warrior, royal escort | hulubâlang | bala (army) | J. and Bat. hulubalang. |
| Sage, royal adviser | pandîta | paṇḍita | J. and S. pandita. |
| Laksamana (one of the officers of state) | laksamâna | Lakshmaṇa (the son of Daçaratha by Sumitrâ) | J. and S. laksmana. |
| Treasurer | bandahâra | bhâṇḍâgâra (treasure) | Mak. bandara; J. bendara, master; S. bandaran; custom-house. |
| Throne | singgahasana | siṃhâsana | Kw. and S. singasana. |
| Palace | astana | sthâna (place, whence the Persian astana, a threshold, a fakir’s residence) | |
| Crown | makôta | mukuṭa | J. and S. makuta; Mak. makota. |
| Royal insignia | upachara | upachâra (service) | J. upachara. |
| Title of a chief who is of noble blood on one side only | magat | mâgadha (the son of a Vaiçya by a Kshatriya woman) | |
| Officer (hero) | punggâwa | puṅgava (a bull; as latter part of compound words, “excellent,” e.g., nara-puṅgava, an excellent warrior) | J., S., and Mak. punggawa. |
The incidents of Asiatic government have caused the introduction into the Malay language of such terms as the following, among others:—
| English. | Malay. | Sanskrit. | Other Languages. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Country | negrî | nagara and nagarî | J. and S. nagara. |
| District | dêsa | diçâ | J., and S., Bat., and D. desa; Mak. dessa. |
| Tax | ûpatî | utpatti | J. and S. upeti. |
| Hall, court | bâlei | valaya (an enclosure) | S. balé; D. balai, open building; J. balé, bench; Bat. balé, hut on a king’s tomb. |
| Examine, inquire | preḳsa | parîkshâ | J. priksa; Mak. paressa; D. pariksa and riksa. |
| Cause, suit | bichara | vichâra (consideration, discussion) | Mak. and D. bichara; J. wichara; S. pichara. |
| Witness | saḳsi | sâkshin | J., S., D., Tag., and Bis. saksi. |
| Crime | dosa | dush (to sin) | J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. dosa. |
| Insult, trespass | ângkâra | ahaṃkâra (pride) | Kw. angkara. |
| Injustice, oppression | ânyâya | anyâya | J. aniaya. |
| Inheritance | pusâka | push (to possess) | J., S., and Mak. pusaka. |
| Action, negotiation | sanggêta | saṃketa (appointment, convention) | |
| Proof | biti | vitti (probability) | |
| Cause, matter in dispute | âchâra | âchara (conduct) | |
| Punishment | siḳsa | çikshâ (learning) | J. and S. siksa; Mak. sessa. |
| Fine | denda | daṇḍa | J. and S. denda; Bat. dangdang; D. danda. |
| Prison | panjâra | panjara (a cage) | J. and S. kunjara;
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