A Manual of the Malay language. Sir William Edward Maxwell

(to lick), lîdha (licked)J. lidah; Bat. dila; Mak. and Bu. lila; D. jela; Tag. and Bis. dila.Pulsenâdînâḍî (artery, vein, intestine)Shoulderbâhûbâhu (the arm)J. bahu; S. and D. baha.Hair of the bodyrômaromanFootpâdapâdaKw. pada.

      Time and its division and measurement have supplied a number of Sanskrit terms to the Malay language, most of which are so necessary in everyday life that it is difficult to conceive the poverty of a dialect which contained no words to express them. The following list contains the greater number of them:—

English.	Malay.	Sanskrit.	Other Languages.
Time	kâla, kâli	kâla	J. and S. kala.
When	tatkâla	tad (this) kâla
Time, period	katika	ghatikâ (a division of time)	Bat. katika; D. katika.
Time, period, hour	dewâsa	divasa (a day)	J. diwasa, adult; Mak. rewusa.
Just now	tâdî	tad (this, that)	S. tadi.
Day	hârî	hari (the sun)	J. and B. hari.
Day	dîna	dina	J. dina.
Dawn	dînahârî	from dina and hari
Evening, sunset	senja, or senja- kala	saṃdhyâ (twilight)	Bat. sonja; J. chandik-kala, evg. twilight.
Always	santîasa	nityaças	J. nityasa.
Old, former	sadîa
Former time	sadîa-kâla	sâdhya (from sâdh, to finish, accomplish)
Continually	sada-kâla	sâda (perishing)
Time (when)	bîla	velâ
Time, season, period	mâsa	mâsa (month)	J. and S. mangsa; Tag. masa.

      Another group of Sanskrit words found in Malay is that comprising articles of commerce, weights and measures, &c. Their presence suffices without other evidence to show that for their knowledge of the commercial value of many products the East Indian islanders were indebted to traders from Hindustan, who, indeed, probably introduced not only the names of, but the use of, their weights and measures. Buah pala, the Malay phrase for the “nutmeg,” is in strictness a pleonasm, for phala signifies “fruit” in Sanskrit, as buah does in Malay.

      TERMS OF COMMERCE.

English.	Malay.	Sanskrit.	Other Languages.
Nutmeg	pâla	phala (fruit)	J. and S. pala.
Clove	lawang	lavaṃga
Eagle-wood	găhârû	aguru	J., S., and Mak. garu; D. garo, perfume.
Camphor	kâpur, kâpur bârus	karpûra	J., S., and D. kapur-barus; Mak. kaporo barusu
Sandalwood	chandâna	chandana	J. and S. chendana; Tag. and Bis. sandana
Musk	kastûrî	kastûrî	J. and S. kasturi; Mak. kasaturi; Tag, and Bis. kastoli.
Charcoal	ârang	aṅgâra	J. and S. areng; S. arang; Bat. agong; D. aring; Tag. and Bis. oling.
Sugar	gûla	guḍa (molasses)	J., S., and D. gula; Mak. golla.
Saltpetre	sandâwa	saindhava (rocksalt)	J. sendawa; S. chindawa.
Silk	sûtra	sûtra (thread, fibre)	J. and S. sutra; Bat. suntora; Mak; and Bu. sutara; Tag. sutla.
Cotton	kâpas	karpâsa	J., S., and D. kapas Bat. hapas; Mak. kapasa; Bis. gapas.
Gunny-bag	gônî	goṇi	S. goné
Price	harga	argha	S. and Bat. harga; J. and D. rega; Mak. angga; Tag. and Bis. halaga.
Profit	lâba	lâbha	Kw., Bat., Mak., and D. laba; Tag. and Bis. laba, increase, usury.
Scales for weighing	narâcha	nârâchî (a gold smith’s scales)	Kw. naracha; J. and S. traju
A bhar (native weight = 3 pikuls)	băhâra	bhâra (a load, a weight)	Kw. and Mak. bara 100 millions: Bis. bala, to load on the back.
A cubit	hasta	hasta	J. and S. asta.
A number, figure	ângka	aṅka (a mark, a cipher)	J. ongka; S., Mak., Bu., and D. angka.
Ten thousand	laksa	laksha (100,000)	J. leksa; S., D., Tag. and Bis. laksa; Bat. loksa; Mak., lassa.
A million	jûta	ayuta (10,000)	J. and S. yuta.

      Many of the metals and most of the precious stones are known to the Malays by their Sanskrit names, even those which are found in Malay countries.

English.	Malay.	Sanskrit.	Other Languages.
Gold	âmas, mas	mas (to mete, to measure)	J. emas; S. mas; Bat. omas; D. amas; Tag. and Bis. amas, gold, weight.
Gold	kanchâna	kânchana	Kw. and S. kanchana.
Copper	tambâga	tâmra	J. tembaga; S. tambaga; Bat. tombaga; Mak. tambaga; Tag. and Bis. tumbaga.
Tin	tîmah	tîvra	J., S., and D. timah; Bat. simbora; Mak. timbera; Tag. and Bis. tingga.
Quicksilver	râsa	rasa	J., S., Mak., and D. rasa.
Pinchbeck	suwâsa	suvarchasa (brilliant)	J., S., Bat., and Mak. suwasa.
Glass	kâcha	kâcha	J., S., Mak., and Bu. kacha; D. kacha; and kasa; Tag. kasa, blue and green stone.
Mica	âbrak19	abhra (amber, talc)
Crystal	golega	golaka (globule)
Jewel, precious stone	mânî	maṇi	J. mani.
Do.	mânikam	maṇika	Kw. and S. manikem; Mak. manikang.
Do.	kamâla	kamala (lotus)	Kw. kuma‘a; Bat. humala, snake-stone.
Sapphire	nîlam (nîla, blue)	nîla (blue)	J. and S. nila; Mak. nyila, blue.
Opal	bidûri	vidûra (a mountain which produces lapis lazuli)
Ruby	dalîma	dâlima (pomegranate)
Jewel, brilliant	mustîka	mushtika (goldsmith)
Topaze	pusparâgam	pushparâga
Pearl	mutia, mutiara	muktâ
Jewel, precious stone	permâta	paramata (excellence)	Kw. pramati, a very beautiful object.
Jewels of five kinds	panchalôgam	panchaloha (five metals)

      The implements, utensils, instruments, &c., the names of which, if not the things themselves, the Malay races have borrowed from their Indian conquerors and rulers, are as follows:—

English.	Malay.	Sanskrit.	Other Languages.
A lock	kunchî	kunchikâ (a key)	J., S., and D. kunchi; Bat. hunsi; Mak. konchi.
A bell	ganta	ghaṇṭâ	J. and S. genta; Bat. gonta; D. ganta; Mak. garaganta.
A water vessel	kindî	kuṇḍî	J. and S. kendi.
A net	jâla	jâla	J., S., Bat., Mak., and D. jala.
A box	petî	peṭî (basket, bag)	S. peti; Mak. patti; D. pati.
Name of a sword	chora	kshura (a razor)
A plough	tanggâla	hala	Bat. tinggala; Mak. nangkala.
Chess	châtur	chatur (four)	J. and S. chatur.
Dice	jûdî	dyûta (game at dice)	J. judi; Bat. juji.
A saw	gargâjî	krakacha	J.