Emergency Imaging. Alexander B. Baxter

      

      Emergenc

      y Ima

      ging

      A Practical Guide

      Alexander B. Baxter, MD

      Assistant Professor

      Department of Radiology

      New York University School of MedicineNew York, New York

      with research and contributions byTrudi Cloyd, MD

      New York University Medical CenterNew York, New York

      1727 illustrations

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      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Baxter, Alexander B., author.

      Emergency imaging : a practical guide / Alexander B. Baxter. p. ; cm.

       ISBN 978-1-60406-742-2 (alk. paper)I. Title.

      [DNLM: 1. Diagnostic Imaging. 2. Emergency Medicine—methods. WN 180]

      RC78.7.D53

      616.07′54—dc23

       2015010462

      © 2016 Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. Thieme Publishers New York

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      ISBN 978-1-60406-742-2

      Also available as an e-book:

      eISBN 978-1-60406-743-9

      Important note: Medicine is an ever-changing sci-ence undergoing continual development. Research and clinical experience are continually expanding our knowledge, in particular our knowledge of proper treatment and drug therapy. Insofar as this book mentions any dosage or application, read-ers may rest assured that the authors, editors, and publishers have made every eort to ensure that such references are in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time of production of the book.

      Nevertheless, this does not involve, imply, or ex-press any guarantee or responsibility on the part of the publishers in respect to any dosage instructions and forms of applications stated in the book. Every user is requested to examine carefully the manu-facturers’ leaflets accompanying each drug and to check, if necessary in consultation with a physi-cian or specialist, whether the dosage schedules mentioned therein or the contraindications stated by the manufacturers dier from the state- ments made in the present book. Such examination is particularly important with drugs that are either rarely used or have been newly released on the market. Every dosage schedule or every form of ap-plication used is entirely at the user’s own risk and responsibility. The authors and publishers request every user to report to the publishers any discrep-ancies or inaccuracies noticed. If errors in this work are found after publication, errata will be posted at www.thieme.com on the product description page.

      Some of the product names, patents, and reg-istered designs referred to in this book are in fact registered trademarks or proprietary names even though specific reference to this fact is not always made in the text. Therefore, the appearance of a name without designation as proprietary is not to be construed as a representation by the publisher that it is in the public domain.

      This book, including all parts thereof, is legally protected by copyright. Any use, exploitation, or commercialization outside the narrow limits set by copyright legislation without the publisher’s con-sent is illegal and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to photostat reproduction, copying, mimeographing or duplication of any kind, trans-lating, preparation of microfilms, and electronic data processing and storage.

      

      Dedicated to my mother, Anita Yarost Baxter, my father, Seymour Baxter, my brothers, Daniel and David,and to my teachers

      vii

      C

      ont

      ent

      s

      Foreword

      xiii

      Stuart E. Mervis, MD, FACRPreface

      xv

      Acknowledgments

      xvi

      1 Introduction to Emergency Imaging

      1

      Observing and Interpreting

      Reporting

      Grading and Measuring

      Incidental Findings

      Learning Radiology

      CT Window and Level

      Approximate Radiation Doses for Emergency Studies (mSV)CT Contrast Administration, Risks, and Adverse Reactions

      2 Brain

      9

      Approach

      Imaging and Anatomy

      Clinical Presentations and Dierential DiagnosisCerebral Edema Patterns

      Anatomic Variants and Incidental FindingsSkull Fracture

      Epidural Hematoma

      Acute Subdural Hematoma

      Subacute and Chronic Subdural HematomaSubdural Hygroma

      Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

      Cerebral Contusion

      Diuse Axonal Injury

      Pneumocephalus

      Cerebral Swelling

      Cerebral Herniation

      Posttraumatic Atrophy and EncephalomalaciaHypertensive Hemorrhage

      Amyloid Angiopathy

      Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

      Arteriovenous Malformation

      Cavernous Malformation

      Anoxic

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