Dividing
Divided States
Dividing
Divided States
Gregory F. Treverton
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS
PHILADELPHIA
Copyright © 2014 University of Pennsylvania Press
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher.
Published by
University of Pennsylvania Press
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Treverton, Gregory F.
Diviging divided states / Gregory F. Treverton.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8122-4599-8 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Partition, Territorial. 2. Dismemberment of nations. I. Title.
KZ4028.T74 2014
320.l'2—dc23
2013038740
CONTENTS
8. Currency and Financial Arrangements
ABBREVIATIONS
| CPA | Comprehensive Peace Agreement, Sudan |
| CSR | Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees |
| EU | European Union |
| FSU | former Soviet Union |
| GoS | government of Sudan (north) |
| IBRD | International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, usually known simply as the World Bank |
| ICCPR | International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |
| ICERD | International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination |
| IDPs | internally displaced persons |
| IMF | International Monetary Fund |
| INC | Interim National Constitution, Sudan |
| IOM | International Organization for Migration |
| OSCE | Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe |
| SPLM, SPLA | Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army, South Sudan |
| UNHCR | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |
Dividing
Divided States
Introduction
In the early 1990s, the weary senior director for Europe on the U.S. National Security Council used to kid his colleagues by saying, “Why don’t you get going? I’ve presided over the creation of lots of new countries in my area over the last few years. What have you been doing in your areas?” The flood of new states set loose by the end of communism and the Soviet empire has slowed to a trickle, but it is a continuing trickle. The vote for independence in southern Sudan in January 2011 is the latest instance of a new state but surely not the last. The appendix presents a list of secessions since 1900.
Framing Secession
Secession is a region formally withdrawing from a state or federation to become a separate state. Some care with terms is in order: Formally, the seceding region is not a state until it is recognized as such by the international community, but since in all cases the seceding region aspired to be a state and was ultimately recognized as such, the book sometimes uses the term “seceding state” for regions withdrawing. The resulting states, both old and new, are regarded as the “successor states.” If a region seceded, the original state is referred to as the “continuing state,” a status that bears particularly on dividing national resources, like international memberships and assets. If the original state dissolves,