To FHM
With love always, TKM
Infants and Children in Context
Tara L. Kuther
Western Connecticut State University
Los Angeles
London
New Delhi
Singapore
Washington DC
Melbourne
Copyright © 2021 by SAGE Publications, Inc.
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Brief Contents
2 Preface
5 Unit I Foundations of Child and Adolescent DevelopmentChapter 1: Understanding Human Development: Approaches and TheoriesChapter 2: Biological and Environmental Foundations of DevelopmentChapter 3: The Prenatal Period, Birth, and the Newborn
6 Unit II Infancy and ToddlerhoodChapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy and ToddlerhoodChapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and ToddlerhoodChapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
7 Unit III Early ChildhoodChapter 7: Physical Development in Early ChildhoodChapter 8: Cognitive Development in Early ChildhoodChapter 9: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood
8 Unit IV Middle ChildhoodChapter 10: Physical Development in Middle ChildhoodChapter 11: Cognitive Development in Middle ChildhoodChapter 12: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood
9 Glossary
10 References
Detailed Contents
2 Preface
5 Unit I Foundations of Child and Adolescent DevelopmentChapter 1: Understanding Human Development: Approaches and TheoriesUnderstanding DevelopmentPeriods of DevelopmentPrenatal Period (Conception to Birth)Infancy and Toddlerhood (Birth to 2 Years)Early Childhood (2 to 6 Years)Middle Childhood (6 to 11 Years)Adolescence (11 to 18 Years)Domains of DevelopmentContexts of DevelopmentBasic Issues in Developmental ScienceNature and Nurture: How Do Nature and Nurture Influence Development?The Active Child: How Do Children Influence Their Own Development?Continuities and Discontinuities: In What Ways Is Development Continuous and Discontinuous?Theories of Child DevelopmentPsychoanalytic TheoriesFreud’s Psychosexual TheoryErikson’s Psychosocial TheoryBehaviorist and Social Learning TheoriesClassical ConditioningOperant ConditioningSocial Learning TheoryCognitive TheoriesPiaget’s Cognitive-Developmental TheoryInformation Processing TheoryContextual TheoriesVygotsky’s Sociocultural TheoryBronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems TheoryEthology and Evolutionary Developmental TheoryDynamic Systems TheoryResearch in Human DevelopmentThe Scientific MethodMethods of Data CollectionObservational MeasuresSelf-Report MeasuresPhysiological MeasuresResearch DesignsCase StudyCorrelational ResearchExperimental ResearchDevelopmental Research DesignsCross-Sectional Research DesignLongitudinal Research DesignCross-Sequential Research DesignResearch EthicsChapter 2: Biological and Environmental Foundations of DevelopmentGenetic Foundations of DevelopmentGeneticsCell ReproductionSex DeterminationGenes Shared by TwinsPatterns of Genetic InheritanceDominant–Recessive InheritanceIncomplete DominancePolygenic InheritanceGenomic ImprintingChromosomal and Genetic ProblemsGenetic DisordersDominant–Recessive DisordersX-Linked DisordersChromosomal AbnormalitiesMutationReproductive ChoicesGenetic CounselingReproductive TechnologyAdoptionPrenatal DiagnosisPrenatal Treatment of Genetic DisordersHeredity and EnvironmentBehavioral GeneticsMethods of Behavioral GeneticsGenetic Influences on Personal CharacteristicsGene–Environment InteractionsRange