Sacrificing Soldiers on the National Mall. Kristin Ann Hass

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      Sacrificing Soldiers on the National Mall

      The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the Ahmanson Foundation Humanities Endowment Fund of the University of California Press Foundation.

      Sacrificing Soldiers

      on the National Mall

      Kristin Ann Hass

      UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

      BERKELEY LOS ANGELES LONDON

      Parts of chapter 1 were published in a different form as “Remembering the ‘Forgotten War’ and Containing the ‘Remembered War’: Insistent Nationalism and the Transnational Memory of the Korean War,” in Transnational American Memories, ed. Udo J. Hebel (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2009). Parts of chapter 2 were published previously as a book review, “Peggy Pascoe’s What Comes Naturally: Miscegenation Law and the Making of Race in America and the Use of Legal History to Police Social Boundaries,” Michigan State Law Review 2011, no. 1 (2011): 255–61.

      University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu.

      University of California Press

      Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

      University of California Press, Ltd.

      London, England

      © 2013 by The Regents of the University of California

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Hass, Kristin Ann, 1965– .

      Sacrificing soldiers on the National Mall / Kristin Ann Hass.

      p. cm.

      Includes bibliographical references and index.

      ISBN 978-0-520-27410-5 (cloth : alk. paper)

      ISBN 978-0-520-27411-2 (pbk. : alk. paper)

      ISBN 978-0-520-95475-5 (ebook)

      1. Mall, The (Washington, D.C.). 2. War memorials—Washington (D.C.). 3. World War II Memorial (Washington, D.C.). 4. Korean War Veterans Memorial (Washington, D.C.). 5. National Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism (Washington, D.C.). 6. Memorialization—United States. 7. Collective memory—United States. I. Title.

      F203.5.M2H3772013

      975.3—dc232012044182

      Manufactured in the United States of America

      21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      In keeping with a commitment to support environmentally responsible and sustainable printing practices, UC Press has printed this book on Rolland Enviro100, a 100% postconsumer fiber paper that is FSC certified, deinked, processed chlorine-free, and manufactured with renewable biogas energy. It is acid-free and EcoLogo certified.

      For Cameron, Finn, Cole, and Hazel

      CONTENTS

      List of Illustrations

      Acknowledgments

      Introduction

      1. • Forgetting the Remembered War at the Korean War Veterans Memorial

      2. • Legitimating the National Family with the Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial

      3. • The Nearly Invisible Women in Military Service for America Memorial

      4. • Impossible Soldiers and the National Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism during World War II

      5. • “We Leave You Our Deaths, Give Them Their Meaning”: Triumph and Tragedy at the National World War II Memorial

      Epilogue

      Notes

      Selected Bibliography

      Index

      ILLUSTRATIONS

1.		Charles L’Enfant’s 1791 plan of Washington.
2.		McMillan plan.
3.		Korean War Veterans Memorial.
4.		Korean War Veterans Memorial.
5.		Korean War Veterans Memorial figures chart.
6.		Korean War Veterans Memorial.
7.		Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial design with Ed Dwight.
8.		Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial figures.
9.		National Liberty Memorial rendering.
10.		Strom Thurmond Memorial.
11.		Women in Military Service for America Memorial, before restoration.
12.		Women in Military Service for America Memorial.
13.		Women in Military Service for America Memorial with sign.
14.		Women in Military Service for America Memorial entrance.
15.		National Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism during World War II.
16.		National Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism during World War II.
17.		National Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism during World War II.
18.		Friedrich St. Florian’s initial design for the National World War II Memorial.
19.		National World War II Memorial.
20.		National World War II Memorial.
21.		National World War II Memorial.
22.		National World War II Memorial.

      ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

      The first person I want to thank for helping me to write this book is Susan Raposa, the information specialist for the Commission of Fine Arts. At the very start of this process she was helpful and thorough, and she encouraged me to believe that there was indeed a book worth writing in the neatly stacked boxes in the quiet CFA offices. Marcella Brown, the information resources specialist at the National Capital Planning Commission, also aided early on by opening up her files. Shelly Jacobs at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library worked diligently on my FOIA requests, and Jennifer Mandel helped me sift through the newly opened material. The staff at the National Park Service National Capital Region offices generously gave me access to material in their files. Martha Sell at the American Battle Monuments Commission helped me negotiate every researcher’s nightmare—a fire in the archives. Archivists at the George Bush, George W. Bush, and William J. Clinton Presidential Libraries graciously helped me determine that their collections held little for me. The same is true for Kim Nusco at the John Carter Brown Library. I am indebted to all of them.

      I am also incredibly grateful for the time key actors took to talk to me and respond to my arguments about the memorials. Maurice Barboza, Marilla Cushman, Don De Leon, Ed Dwight, Frank Gaylord, Jan Scruggs, Friedrich St. Florian, Jan Scruggs, and General Wilma Vaught are all