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Автор: Kelly Lytle Hernandez
Издательство: Ingram
Серия: American Crossroads
Жанр произведения: Историческая литература
Год издания: 0
isbn: 9780520945715
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      The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous

      support of the Humanities Endowment Fund of the

      University of California Press Foundation.

      Migra!

      AMERICAN CROSSROADS

      Edited by Earl Lewis, George Lipsitz, Peggy Pascoe, George Sánchez, and Dana Takagi

      Migra!

       A History of the U.S. Border Patrol

      _____

      Kelly Lytle Hernández

pub

      University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu.

      “Superman Es Ilegal,” by Jorge Lerma, © Copyright 1979 by Peer International Corporation. International Copyright secured. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Translation by Alex and Nina Hidalgo, in Larry R. Juchartz, Elizabeth A. Stolarek, and Christy Rishoi, eds., American Dreams (New York: Pearson Longman, 2009), 227–29.

      Epigraph photo: “Superman” and Friends: A Mexican immigrant awaits deportation, circa 1953. U.S. Border Patrol (McAllen, Texas) Official Photograph, File No. 48–7. Courtesy of the National Border Patrol Museum—El Paso, Texas.

      A version of chapter 4 appeared earlier and is reprinted with permission of The Regents of the University of California from Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 34 (Spring 2009), UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center. Not for further reproduction. Versions of chapters 6 and 8 appeared earlier, copyright by the Western History Association. Reprinted by permission. The article first appeared as “The Crimes and Consequences of Illegal Immigration: A Cross-Border Examination of Operation Wetback, 1943–1954,” Western Historical Quarterly 7 (Winter 2006): 421–44.

      University of California Press

      Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

      University of California Press, Ltd.

      London, England

      © 2010 by The Regents of the University of California

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Hernandez, Kelly Lytle.

      Migra! : a history of the U.S. Border Patrol / Kelly Lytle Hernandez.

      p. cm. — (American crossroads ; 29)

      Includes bibliographical references and index.

      ISBN 978-0-520-25769-6 (cloth : alk. paper) —ISBN 978-0-520-26641-4 (pbk. : alk. paper)

      1. United States. Immigration Border Patrol—History. 2. Mexican-American Border Region—History. 3. Illegal aliens—Mexican-American Border Region. 4. United States—Emigration and immigration. I. Title.

      JV6483.H45 2010

      363.28’50973—dc22 2009039563

      Manufactured in the United States of America

      19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10

      10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

      This book is printed on Cascades Enviro 100, a 100% post consumer waste, recycled, de-inked fiber. FSC recycled certified and processed chlorine free. It is acid free, Ecologo certified, and manufactured by BioGas energy.

       For my mother because you taught me to write

       For my father because you inspire me to take on the world

       For my brother because you teach me that change is possible

       For my husband because you are beautiful

       For my children because I love you

image

      [Spoken] It’s a bird! It’s a plane! No man, it’s a wetback. [Sung] He came from the sky, but he is not a plane. He came in his spaceship from Krypton, And by the looks of him, he’s not American. He’s someone like me—undocumented. So the migrant should not work Because even though it hurts, Superman is an illegal. He’s a journalist, and I am too; He didn’t serve in the army (what a bum!) He is white, has blue eyes and is well-formed; I’m dark-skinned, chubby, and short. But in my homeland I already marched With the coyote I paid when I crossed.

      He didn’t serve in the military He doesn’t pay taxes and he wants to pass judgment He doesn’t have diamonds or a license to fly. I’ll bet he doesn’t even have a social security card.

      We need to kick Superman out of here And if it’s possible, send him back to Krypton. Where is the emigration authority? What’s the news, Mr. Racism, in the nation? For all I know they don’t fine him for flying But on the contrary, they declare he’s Superman.

      JORGE LERMA, “SUPERMAN IS AN ILLEGAL ALIEN”

      CONTENTS

       List of Illustrations

       Acknowledgments

       Map of the U.S.-Mexico Border Region

       Introduction

       PART ONE: FORMATION

       1. The Early Years

       2. A Sanctuary of Violence

       3. The California-Arizona Borderlands

       4. Mexico’s Labor Emigrants, America’s Illegal Immigrants

       PART TWO: TRANSFORMATION

       5. A New Beginning

       6. The Corridors of Migration Control

       7. Uprising: A Farmers’ Rebellion

       PART THREE: OPERATION WETBACK AND BEYOND

       8. The Triumphs of ’54

       9. “The Day of the Wetback Is Over”

       Epilogue

       Notes