NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH SERIES NO. 7
THREE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OF SEX SECOND EDITION
SECOND REPRINTING BY
PROF. SIGMUND FREUD, LL.D. VIENNA
AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY A.A. BRILL, PH.B., M.D.
CLINICAL ASSISTANT, DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY; ASSISTANT IN MENTAL DISEASES, BELLEVUE HOSPITAL; ASSISTANT VISITING PHYSICIAN, HOSPITAL FOR NERVOUS DISEASES
WITH INTRODUCTION BY JAMES J. PUTNAM, M.D.
NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING CO.
NEW YORK AND WASHINGTON
1920
NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH SERIES Edited by
Drs. SMITH ELY JELLIFFE and WM. A. WHITE Numbers Issued
Outlines of Psychiatry. (7th Edition.) $3.00. By Dr. William A. White. Studies in Paranoia. (Out of Print.) By Drs. N. Gierlich and M. Friedman. The Psychology of Dementia Praecox. (Out of Print.) By Dr. C.G. Jung.
Selected Papers on Hysteria and other Psychoneuroses. (3d Edition.) $3.00. By Prof. Sigmund Freud. The Wassermann Serum Diagnosis in Psychiatry. $2.00. By Dr. Felix Plaut.
Epidemic Poliomyelitis. New York, 1907. (Out of Print.)
Three Contributions to Sexual Theory. (3d Edition.) $2.00. By Prof. Sigmund Freud. Mental Mechanisms. (Out of Print.) $2.00. By Dr. Wm. A. White.
Studies in Psychiatry. $2.00. New York Psychiatrical Society.
Handbook of Mental Examination Methods. $2.00. (Out of Print.) By Shepherd Ivory Franz. The Theory of Schizophrenic Negativism. $1.00. By Professor E. Bleuler.
Cerebellar Functions. $3.00. By Dr. Andre-Thomas.
History of Prison Psychoses. $1.25. By Drs. P. Nitsche and K. Wilmanns. General Paresis. $3.00. By Prof. E. Kraepelin.
Dreams and Myths. $1.00. By Dr. Karl Abraham. Poliomyelitis. $3.00. By Dr. I. Wickmann.
Freud's Theories of the Neuroses. $2.00. By Dr. E. Hitschmann. The Myth of the Birth of the Hero. $1.00. By Dr. Otto Rank.
The Theory of Psychoanalysis. $1.50. (Out of Print.) By Dr. C.G. Jung. Vagotonia. $1.00. (3d Edition.) By Drs. Eppinger and Hess. Wishfulfillment and Symbolism in Fairy Tales. $1.00. By Dr. Ricklin.
1
The Dream Problem. $1.00. By Dr. A.E. Maeder.
The Significance of Psychoanalysis for the Mental Sciences. $1.50. By Drs. O. Rank and D.H. Sachs.
Organ Inferiority and its Psychical Compensation. $1.50. By Dr. Alfred Adler. The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. $1.00. By Prof. S. Freud. Technique of Psychoanalysis. $2.00. By Dr. Smith Ely Jelliffe.
Vegetative Neurology. $2.00. By Dr. H. Higier.
The Autonomic Functions and the Personality. $2.00. By Dr. Edward J. Kemp. A Study of the Mental Life of the Child, $2.00. By Dr. H. Von Hug-Hellmuth. Internal Secretions and the Nervous System. $1.00. By Dr. M. Laignel Lavastine. Sleep Walking and Moon Walking. $2.00. By Dr. J. Sadger.
NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING COMPANY
3617 10th St. N.W., Washington, D.C. TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION v AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ix AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION x I. THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS 1
II. THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY 36
III. THE TRANSFORMATION OF PUBERTY 68
INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION
The somewhat famous "Three Essays," which Dr. Brill is here bringing to the attention of an English-reading public, occupy--brief as they are--an important position among the achievements of their author, a great investigator and pioneer in an important line.
It is not claimed that the facts here gathered are altogether new. The subject of the sexual instinct and its aberrations has long been before the scientific world and the names of many effective toilers in this vast field are known to every student. When one passes beyond the strict domains of science and considers what is reported of the sexual life in folkways and art-lore and the history of primitive culture and in romance, the sources of information are immense. Freud has made considerable additions to this stock of knowledge, but he has done also something of far greater consequence than this. He has worked out, with incredible penetration, the part which this instinct plays in every phase of human life and in the development of human character, and has been able to establish on a firm footing the remarkable thesis that psychoneurotic illnesses never occur with a perfectly normal sexual life. Other
sorts of emotions contribute to the result, but some aberration of the sexual life is always present, as the cause of especially insistent emotions and repressions.
The instincts with which every child is born furnish desires or cravings which must be dealt with in some fashion. They may be refined ("sublimated"), so far as is necessary and desirable, into energies of other sorts--as happens readily with the play-instinct-- or they may remain as the source of perversions and inversions, and of cravings of new sorts substituted for those of the more primitive kinds under the pressure of a conventional civilization. The symptoms of the functional psychoneuroses represent, after a fashion, some of these distorted attempts to find a substitute for the imperative cravings born of the sexual instincts, and their form often depends, in part at least, on the peculiarities of the sexual life in infancy and early childhood. It is Freud's service to have investigated this inadequately chronicled period of existence with extraordinary acumen. In so doing he made it plain that the "perversions" and "inversions," which reappear later under such striking shapes, belong to the normal sexual life of the young child and are seen, in veiled forms, in almost every case of nervous illness.
It cannot too often be repeated that these discoveries represent no fanciful deductions, but are the outcome of rigidly careful observations which any one who will sufficiently prepare himself can verify. Critics fret over the amount of "sexuality" that Freud finds evidence of in the histories of his patients, and assume that he puts it there. But such criticisms are evidences of misunderstandings and proofs of ignorance.
Freud had learned that the amnesias of hypnosis and of hysteria were not absolute but relative and that in covering the lost memories, much more, of unexpected sort, was often found. Others, too, had gone as far as this, and stopped. But this investigator determined that nothing but the absolute impossibility of going further should make him cease from urging his patients into an
inexorable scrutiny of the unconscious regions of their memories and thoughts, such as never had been made before. Every species of forgetfulness, even the forgetfulness of childhood's years, was made to yield its hidden stores of knowledge; dreams, even though apparently absurd, were found to be interpreters of a varied class of thoughts, active, although repressed as out of harmony with
2
the selected life of consciousness; layer after layer, new sets of motives underlying motives were laid bare, and each patient's interest was strongly enlisted in the task of learning to know himself in order more truly and wisely to "sublimate" himself. Gradually other workers joined patiently in this laborious undertaking, which now stands, for those who have taken pains to comprehend it, as by far the most important movement in psychopathology.
It must, however, be recognized that these essays, of which Dr. Brill has given a translation that cannot but be timely, concern a subject which is not only important but unpopular. Few physicians read the works of v. Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Moll, and others of like sort. The remarkable volumes of Havelock Ellis were refused publication in his native England. The sentiments which inspired this hostile attitude towards the study of the sexual life are still active, though growing steadily less common. One may easily believe that if the facts which Freud's truth-seeking researches forced him to recognize and to publish had not been of an unpopular sort, his rich and abundant contributions to observational psychology, to the significance of dreams, to the etiology and therapeu-