BEYOND HOPE
BEYOND HOPE
An Illustrated History of the Fraser and Cariboo Gold Rush
Beverley Boissery and Bronwyn Short
Copyright © Beverley Boissery and Bronwyn Short, 2003
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise (except for brief passages for purposes of review) without the prior permission of Dundurn Press. Permission to photocopy should be requested from Access Copyright.
Copy-Editor: Jennifer Bergeron
Design: Jennifer Scott
Printer: University of Toronto Press
National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data
Boissery, Beverley, 1939-
Beyond hope: an illustrated history of the Fraser and Cariboo
Gold Rush/ Beverley Boissery and Bronwyn Short.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 1-55002-471-X
1. Fraser River Valley (B.C.) — Gold discoveries — Pictorial works. 2. Cariboo (B.C. : Regional district) — Gold discoveries — Pictorial works. I. Short, Bronwyn II. Title.
FC3820.G6B63 2003 971.1'37 C2003-904045-3
1 2 3 4 5 07 06 05 04 03
We acknowledge the support of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council for our publishing program. We also acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program and The Association for the Export of Canadian Books, and the Government of Ontario through the Ontario Book Publishers Tax Credit program, and the Ontario Media Development Corporation’s Ontario Book Initiative.
Care has been taken to trace the ownership of copyright material used in this book. The author and the publisher welcome any information enabling them to rectify any references or credit in subsequent editions.
J. Kirk Howard, President
Printed and bound in Canada.
Printed on recycled paper.
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PREFACE
For the purposes of consistency, we have used Vancouver Island (rather than its earlier form Vancouver’s Island) and Esquimalt (which was sometimes spelled Esquimault) throughout.
In the 1850s, £1 was the equivalent of $5. Monetary sums throughout the book are given in the values of the gold rush era when, generally speaking, one ounce of gold sold for US$17.50. This is a far cry from today’s price of more than US$350.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Although we have been greatly helped by a number of librarians and archivists, we can acknowledge the professional assistance of only a few: Patricia Kennedy and Andrew Rodger of the National Archives of Canada; Shiri Alon of the McCord Museum; Lyn Moranda of the Vancouver Museum Archives; Julie Warren and Kelly-Ann Nolin of the Royal British Columbia Museum for help on the photographs; the Mitchell Library, Sydney, New South Wales and the State Archives of New South Wales; and Catherine Whiteley of the Malaspina University College library.
We are also grateful to the following institutions for permission to publish various images: the State Library of Victoria; the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; and Hancock House. We thank Alden and Cali Hackman for permission to use Tim Crosby’s photograph of the hurdy-gurdy and Heritage House for the use of maps from Branwen Patenaude’s Trails to Gold, published by Horsdal and Schubart.
As well, we would like to thank Kirk Howard and Tony Hawke for their encouragement and Jennifer Bergeron for her editorial expertise. Writing for Dundurn was a pleasure.
Our gratitude to Chris Greenwood for diligent proofreading. And last, but certainly not least, we thank Ben and Josh Short for their patient direction, enthusiastic support, and, most importantly, their crash course into the mysteries of cyberspace.
BEYOND HOPE
In the mid-nineteenth century one single word had the power to pull men from homes and families: gold. After John Marshall found nuggets in a Californian stream in 1848, tens of thousands crossed continents and oceans in the scramble for wealth. A few years later Edward Hargraves’s discovery of gold near Bathurst prompted a similar rush to the Australian colonies of New South Wales and Victoria.
Stories of lawlessness in the Californian and Australian goldfields became legion. Men shot each other after hearing rumours of a new find and murdered many miners as they tried to convey their gold to safety. Shantytowns sprang up throughout the goldfields and far too many miners lost their earnings through gambling, prostitution, and drinking. Both gold rushes saw extraordinary movements of peoples and produced breathtaking stories of incredible fortunes made overnight.
A London Punch cartoon satirizing the Australian goldfields.
However, by the mid-1850s these goldfields had begun to run dry. Miners abandoned the shantytowns and new prospectors stopped arriving. Merchants who had envisaged making their fortunes through provisioning them went bankrupt, and scores of rotting ships littered the San Francisco Harbor. Thousands with nothing to offer but their experience in the mining of gold drifted from place to place, some in despair, but almost all hungry for the hint of a new chase, as the rush for gold was called.
Deserted ships in San Francisco Harbor, late 1850s.
It can be no wonder, then, that when the first stories of gold surfaced in today’s British Columbia, the government took great care to keep them secret. As early as August 1850 the governor of Vancouver Island, Richard Blanshard, reported to the colonial secretary in London that he had seen “a very rich specimen of gold ore” from the Queen Charlotte Islands, and the Hudson’s Bay Company sent expeditions to investigate. The company provided supplies such as explosives and mining tools for one in 1851, and forty men agreed to work for just their share of the profits. The leader of this expedition claimed British possession of the islands and drove away a party of Americans who had heard rumours of another potential goldfield.
First Nations people from the Queen Charlotte Islands. The Haida regularly traded with the Hudson’s Bay Company.
Queen