Hokusai
Translated from the French by All Global Solutions International, Inc.
© Confidential Concepts, worldwide, USA
© Parkstone Press International, New York, USA
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Foreword
Blue Fuji, excerpt from the series Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji (Fugaku Sanjūrokkei), c. 1830–1832.
Horizontal ōban, aizuri-e, 25.5 × 35.5 cm.
Musée national des Arts asiatiques – Guimet, Paris.
The Seven Gods of Fortune, 1810.
Ink, colour and gold on silk, 67.5 × 82.5 cm.
Museo d’Arte Orientale Edoardo Chiossone, Genoa.
Hokusai’s talent travelled across land and sea to Europe long ago. But his work, so original, so diverse, and so prolific, still remains misunderstood. It is true that, even in the artist’s homeland, though he has always been immensely popular, his work has not been received with the same fervour by the academy and by the elite as by the Japanese people. Was he not reproached, in his own time, for only doing “vulgar paintings”? Then however, few artists knew how to delve into the potential of drawing techniques and methods as he did. What artist can vaunt his ability to draw with his fingernails, his feet, or even his left hand (if right handed) or inverted, with such virtuosity, that it seems to have been drawn in the most conventional way?
Hokusai illustrated more than 120 works, one of which, the Suiko-Gaden, consisted of ninety volumes; he collaborated on about thirty volumes: yellow books and popular books at first; eastern and western promenades, glimpses of famous places, practical manuals for decorators and artisans, a life of Sakyamuni, a conquest of Korea, tales, legends, novels, biographies of heroes and heroines and the thirty-six women poets and one hundred poets, with songbooks and multiple albums of birds, plants, patrons of new fashion, books on education, morals, anecdotes, and fantastic and natural sketches.
Hokusai tried everything, and succeeded. He was tireless, multitalented, and brilliant. He accumulated drawings upon drawings, stamps upon stamps, informing himself very specifically about his compatriots, their work, and their interests, the people in the streets, those in the fields, and on the sea. He opened the gates to the walls that hid brilliant courtesans, their silks and embroidery, and the large belt knots spread across their chests and stomachs. He frightened observers with apparitions from his most awful and stirring fantastic imagination.
To understand the art of a very particular, distant people, it is not sufficient to learn, more or less well, their language; it is necessary to penetrate their soul, their tastes – one must be the obedient student of this soul and these tastes. It is, after all, founded on love, the profound ecstasy that artists feel in expressing their country. They love it passionately, they cherish its beauty, its clarity, and they try to reproduce its life from the heart. A happy affliction, Hokusai was an eminent representative of those who work incessantly.
I. Life of Hokusai
Blue Kongō (Seimen Kongō), 1780–1790.
Nishiki-e, 37.3 × 13.7 cm.
Honolulu Academy of Arts, donation of James A. Michener, Honolulu.
Hokusai was born in 1760 (October or November according to some, March according to others). He was born in Edo in the Honjô neighbourhood, close to the Sumida River and to the countryside, a neighbourhood to which the painter was much attached. He even signed his drawings, for a time, “the peasant from Katsushika”, Katsushika being the provincial district where the Honjô neighbourhood is located. According to the will left by his granddaughter, Shiraï Tati, he was the third son of Kawamura Itiroyemon, who, under the name Bunsei, would have been an artist of the new profession. Near the age of four, Hokusai, whose first name was Tokitaro, was adopted by Nakajima Isse, mirror designer for the Tokugawa royal family.
Hokusai, while still a child, became the assistant to a great bookseller in Edo, where while contemplating illustrated books, he carried out his duties as assistant so lazily and disdainfully that he was fired. Paging through the bookseller’s illustrated books and life in images for long months developed the young man’s taste and passion for drawing. Around 1773–74, he worked for a woodcutter, and in 1775, under the name Tetsuro, he engraved the last six pages of a novel by Santchô. Thus, he became a woodcutter, which he continued until the age of eighteen.
In 1778, Hokusai, then named Tetsuzo, abandoned his profession as a woodcutter. He was no longer willing to be the interpreter, the translator of another’s talent. He was taken by the desire to invent, to compose, and to give a personal form to his creations. He had the ambition to become a painter. He entered, at the age of eighteen, the studio of Katsukawa Shunshō, where his budding talent earned him the name of Katsukawa Shunrō. There, he painted actors and theatre sets in the style of Tsutzumi Torin and produced many loose-leaf drawings, called kyōka surimono. The master allowed him to sign, under this name, his compositions representing a series of actors, in the upright format of the drawings of actors by Shunshō, his master. At this time, the young Shunrō began to show a bit of the great sketch artist who would become the great Hokusai. With perseverance and relentless work, he continued to draw and to produce, until 1786, compositions bearing the signature of Katsukawa Shunrō, or simply, Shunrō.
In 1789, the young painter, at twenty-nine years old, was forced to leave Katsukawa’s studio under peculiar circumstances. As a matter of fact, Hokusai would keep the odd habit of perpetually moving and of never living more than one or two months in the same place. This departure took place under the following circumstances: Hokusai had painted a poster of a stamp merchant. The merchant was so happy with the poster that he had it richly framed and placed in front of his shop. One day, one of his fellow students at the studio, who had studied there longer than he, passed the shop. He thought the poster was bad and tore it down to save the honour of the Shunshō studio. A dispute ensued between the elder and the younger student, following which Hokusai left the studio, resolving to work only from his own inspiration and to become a painter independent of the schools that preceded him. In this country where artists seem to change names almost as often as clothes, he abandoned the signature of Katsukawa to take that of Mugura, which means shrub, telling the public that the painter bearing this new name did not belong to any studio. Completely shaking off the yoke of the Katsukawa style, the drawings signed Mugura are freer and adopt a personal perspective.
Hokusai married twice, but the names of his two wives are unknown. It is also not known whether or not his separation from them was due to death or divorce. It is certain that the painter lived alone after the age of fifty-two or fifty-three. By his first wife, Hokusai had a son and two daughters. His first son, Tominosuke, took over the house of the mirror designer Nakajima Isse and led a disorderly life, causing his father many problems. His daughter Omiyo became the wife of the painter Yanagawa Shighenobu. She died shortly after her divorce and after having given birth to a grandson who was a source of tribulation for his grandfather. His second daughter Otetsu was a truly gifted painter who died very young. By his second wife, Hokusai also had a son and two daughters. His second son, Akitiro, was a civil servant of the Tokugawa rule and a poet, and became the adopted son of Kase Sakijiuro. He erected Hokusai’s tomb, and took on his name. The grandson of Takitiro, named Kase Tchojiro, was the schoolyard friend of Hayashi, a great collector of Japanese art. Hokusai’s other daughters were Onao, who died in her childhood, and Oyei, who married a painter named Tomei but divorced him and lived with her father until the end of his life. She was an artist, who illustrated Onna Chohoki, an educational book for women covering etiquette. Hokusai had two older brothers and a younger sister, who all died in their childhood.
His life was filled with pitfalls. Thus, near the end of 1834, serious problems arose in the old painter’s life. Hokusai’s daughter Omiyo married the painter, Yanagawa Shighenobu. From this marriage came a veritable good-for-nothing, whose