Teaching and Methodological Manual
Arsentiy Aleksandrovich Krasilnikov
Translator Feliks Khaidarovich Zakirov
© Arsentiy Aleksandrovich Krasilnikov, 2023
© Feliks Khaidarovich Zakirov, translation, 2023
ISBN 978-5-0060-0300-2
Created with Ridero smart publishing system
From the author
Dear Readers,
I am pleased to present my latest monograph entitled «Model for Integral Assessment of Students’ Physical Health» This methodological guide serves as an extended additional material for the course «Theory and Methodology of Physical Education» in all Bachelor’s and Specialist programs.
The educational and methodical material provided in this guide is highly relevant for developing new competencies among students in the field of building independent physical education sessions, maintaining an optimal training regime, and forming the basics of a healthy lifestyle. It contains theoretical material that, when studied, will contribute to increasing the effectiveness of developing students’ competencies in the field of a healthy lifestyle, assessing the functional state of organs and systems of the body, and a comprehensive assessment of the level of health.
I hope this guide will be useful to students and teachers of higher educational institutions, physical education teachers, and specialists in the field of physical education and sports.
Best regards,
A. A. Krasilnikov
Introduction
Health is one of the fundamental values in life, and it is unlikely that there is anyone who would say that they do not want to be healthy. However, wanting to be healthy is not enough, as maintaining good health requires constant self-improvement, leading a healthy lifestyle, following the rules of rational nutrition, hygiene, and of course, properly organized physical activity.
Medical and sports science has proven that physical training through exercise increases the functional abilities of the body by increasing the functional efficiency of muscle cells and the oxygen transport system.
However, not every physical activity can be beneficial. Uncontrolled use of means of physical culture and sports can not only lead to undesirable consequences but also harm one’s health. Therefore, self-monitoring plays a significant role in this issue.
Self-monitoring is the regular monitoring of individuals engaged in physical culture and sports of their health status, physical development, functional and physical preparedness, using various publicly available techniques and methods.
During self-monitoring, externally set «norms» are transferred into the sphere of personally significant norms, and the dynamics of changes in all indicators are tracked, which provides feedback and serves as a stimulating factor for starting active physical exercises.
Section 1. Self-evaluation of physical development indicators
Research related to the assessment of physical development is conducted using various anthropometric techniques:
1. somatometric – body length (height), body mass (weight), chest circumference and excursion;
2. physiometric – vital lung capacity (VLC), hand grip strength, standing strength;
3. somatoscopic – chest shape (body type), posture and so on.
IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW THAT!
Physical development of a person is understood as a complex of functional and morphological properties of the body that determine its physical ability. Physical development can be influenced by:
heredity; environmental conditions; socio-economic factors; working and living conditions; nutrition; physical activity; sports.
There is no clear boundary between normal and pathological conditions. There are various transitional stages between health and illness. Disease usually occurs when the body is subjected to excessive physical and psycho-emotional stress or when adaptive functions are decreased. This is when changes occur, often leading to illness or injury.
Norm in relation to human health is interpreted as the measure of the organism’s vitality in specific environmental conditions, within which changes in physiological processes are maintained at an optimal level of functioning of the homeostatic self-regulation.
It is important to note that the norm in relation to the human body does not have a single value. Biological norm has certain boundaries. Thus, the norm is such an indicator at which the human organism functions in the best way possible (i.e. in an optimal mode). At the same time, a healthy organism is able to maintain normal indicators of its functions in various situations (physical exertion, psycho-emotional stress, weather changes, etc.). This property of the organism is called adaptation. It is adaptation that helps a person to maintain the functioning of organs and systems in a normal state and to preserve health in various stressful situations.
It should be noted that the reduction of the adaptive capacity of the organism is associated with changes in physiological functions. This is characterized by an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in heart activity. However, in pre-disease states, the observed changes in physiological indicators, as a rule, do not exceed the so-called clinical norm and therefore usually remain outside the field of view of doctors during dispensary and preventive examinations of the population. As a result, only a disruption of adaptation with the development of specific diseases becomes the basis for therapeutic measures.
Disease is the destruction of the normal state of a living system, the transition of it to a new altered state, in which the indicators of organs and systems deviate significantly from the norm. If special therapeutic measures are not taken in this state, the disease can become prolonged and chronic, and the organism can ultimately perish.
Somatometric indicators
When assessing the somatometric indicators of an adult’s physical development, the values of various indices that evaluate the ratios of height and weight, height, weight, and chest circumference are more important. The most well-known indices include the Kettle index, the Pignae index, the BMI – body mass index, and others.
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a value that allows evaluating the degree of correspondence between a person’s body weight and height, and thus make a conclusion whether the weight is insufficient, normal, or excessive. BMI = body weight (kg) / height (m2).
Table 1. Interpretation of BMI values.
The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure that allows evaluating the degree of correspondence between a person’s body weight and height, and thus draw conclusions about whether the weight is insufficient, normal, or excessive. The BMI is calculated as body weight (kg) divided by height squared (m2).
It should be noted that the BMI should be used with caution, solely for approximate assessment. For example, attempting to assess the body composition of professional athletes with its help may give a false result (a high index value in this case is explained by developed musculature). The ideal BMI for men is between 25—27, and for women between 23—27.
In the context of the above, it is important to remember that both excessively high and low weight should attract your attention.
Most often, obesity occurs due to excessive consumption of high-calorie food containing large amounts of fats and carbohydrates, while the person’s physical activity is sharply reduced. Such obesity is called primary or alimentary. The most effective treatment for primary or alimentary obesity is diet and physical exercises.
There is also obesity that occurs due